英語語法大全-4. 形容詞和副詞
4.1 形容詞及其用法
形容詞修飾名詞，說明事物或人的性質(zhì)或特征。通常， 可將形容詞分成性質(zhì)形容詞和敘述形容詞兩類，其位置不一定都放在名詞前面。1) 直接說明事物的性質(zhì)或特征的形容詞是性質(zhì)形容詞，它有級的變化，可以用程度副詞修飾，在句中可作定語、表語和補語。例如：hot 熱的。
2) 敘述形容詞只能作表語，所以又稱為表語形容詞。這類形容詞沒有級的變化，也不可用程度副詞修飾。大多數(shù)以a開頭的形容詞都屬于這一類。例如：afraid 害怕的。
（錯） He is an ill man.
（對） The man is ill.
（錯） She is an afraid girl.
（對） The girl is afraid.
這類詞還有： well，unwell，ill，faint，afraid，alike，alive，alone，asleep，awake 等。
3）形容詞作定語修飾名詞時，要放在名詞的前邊。但是如果形容詞修飾以-thing為字尾的詞語時，要放在這些詞之后，例如：
something nice
4.2 以-ly結(jié)尾的形容詞
1） 大部分形容詞加-ly可構(gòu)成副詞。但 friendly，deadly，lovely，lonely，likely，lively， ugly，brotherly，仍為形容詞。改錯：(錯） She sang lovely.
（錯） He spoke to me very friendly.
（對） Her singing was lovely.
（對） He spoke to me in a very friendly way.
2）有些以-ly 結(jié)尾既為形容詞，也為副詞。
daily，weekly，monthly，yearly，early
The Times is a daily paper.
The Times is published daily.
4.3 用形容詞表示類別和整體
1） 某些形容詞加上定冠詞可以泛指一類人，與謂語動詞的復(fù)數(shù)連接。如：the dead，the living，the rich，the poor，the blind，the hungryThe poor are losing hope.
2） 有關(guān)國家和民族的形容詞加上定冠詞指這個民族的整體，與動詞的復(fù)數(shù)連用。
the British，the English，the French，the Chinese.
The English have wonderful sense of humor.
4.4 多個形容詞修飾名詞的順序
多個形容詞修飾名詞時，其順序為：限定詞--數(shù)詞--描繪詞--(大小，長短，形狀，新舊，顏色) --出處--材料性質(zhì)，類別--名詞
a small round table
a tall gray building
a dirty old brown shirt
a famous German medical school
an expensive Japanese sports car
典型例題:
1） Tony is going camping with ___ boys.
A. little two other B. two little other C. two other little D. little other two
答案：C。由"限定詞--數(shù)詞--描繪詞--(大小，長短，形狀，新舊，顏色) --性質(zhì)--名詞"的公式可知數(shù)詞，描繪詞，性質(zhì)依次順序，只有C符合答案。
2) One day they crossed the ____bridge behind the palace.
A. old Chinese stone B. Chinese old stone C. old stone Chinese D. Chinese stone old
答案A. 幾個形容詞修飾一個名詞，他們的排列順序是：年齡，形狀，大小+顏色+來源+質(zhì)地+用途+國家+名詞。
3) ---- How was your recent visit to Qingdao?
---- It was great. We visited some friends，and spent the ___days at the seaside.
A. few last sunny B. last few sunny C. last sunny few D. few sunny last
答案：B。本題考查多個形容詞的排序問題。一般與被修飾形容詞關(guān)系密切的形容詞靠近名詞；如果幾個形容詞的重要性差不多，音節(jié)少的形容詞在前，音節(jié)多的方在后，在不能確定時，可參照下表：
限定詞+數(shù)量詞（序數(shù)詞在前，基數(shù)詞在后）+性狀形容詞+大小、長短、高低等形體+
those + three + beautiful + large + square
新舊+顏色+國籍+材料+名詞
old + brown + wood + table
4.5 副詞及其基本用法
副詞主要用來修飾動詞，形容詞，副詞或其他結(jié)構(gòu)。一、副詞的位置：
1） 在動詞之前。
2） 在be動詞、助動詞之后。
3） 多個助動詞時，副詞一般放在第一個助動詞后。
注意：
a. 大多數(shù)方式副詞位于句尾，但賓語過長，副詞可以提前，以使句子平衡。
We could see very clearly a strange light ahead of us.
b. 方式副詞well，badly糟、壞，hard等只放在句尾。
He speaks English well.
二、副詞的排列順序：
1） 時間，地點副詞，小單位的在前，大單位在后。
2） 方式副詞，短的在前，長的在后，并用and或but等連詞連接。
Please write slowly and carefully.
3） 多個不同副詞排列：程度+地點+方式+時間副詞。
注意：副詞very 可以修飾形容詞，但不能修飾動詞。
改錯：(錯) I very like English.
(對) I like English very much.
注意：副詞enough要放在形容詞的后面，形容詞enough放在名詞前后都可。
I don't know him well enough.
There is enough food for everyone to eat.
There is food enough for everyone to eat.
4.6 兼有兩種形式的副詞
1) close與closelyclose意思是"近"； closely 意思是"仔細地"
He is sitting close to me.
Watch him closely.
2) late 與lately
late意思是"晚"； lately 意思是"最近"
You have come too late.
What have you been doing lately?
3) deep與deeply
deep意思是"深"，表示空間深度；deeply時常表示感情上的深度，"深深地"
He pushed the stick deep into the mud.
Even father was deeply moved by the film.
4) high與highly
high表示空間高度；highly表示程度，相當(dāng)于much
The plane was flying high.
I think highly of your opinion.
5) wide與widely
wide表示空間寬度；widely意思是"廣泛地"，"在許多地方"
He opened the door wide.
English is widely used in the world.
6) free與freely
free的意思是"免費"；freely 的意思是"無限制地"
You can eat free in my restaurant whenever you like.
You may speak freely; say what you like.
4.7 形容詞與副詞的比較級
大多數(shù)形容詞（性質(zhì)形容詞）和副詞有比較級和最高級的變化，即原級、比較級和最高級，用來表示事物的等級差別。原級即形容詞的原形，比較級和最高級有規(guī)則變化和不規(guī)則變化兩種。1) 規(guī)則變化
單音節(jié)詞和少數(shù)雙音節(jié)詞，加詞尾-er，-est來構(gòu)成比較級和最高級。
構(gòu)成法 原級 比較級 最高級
一般單音節(jié)詞 tall(高的) taller tallest
未尾加-er,-est great(巨大的) greater greatest
以不發(fā)音的e結(jié)尾 nice(好的) nicer nicest
的單音詞和少數(shù) large(大的) larger largest
以- le結(jié)尾的雙 able（有能力的) abler ablest
音節(jié)詞只加-r,-st
以一個輔音字母 big(大的) bigger biggest
結(jié)尾的閉音節(jié)單 hot熱的) hotter hottest
音節(jié)詞，雙寫結(jié)
尾的輔音字母，
再加-er，-est
"以輔音字母+y" easy(容易的) easier easiest
結(jié)尾的雙音節(jié)詞，busy(忙的) busier busiest
改y為i，再加
-er，-est
少數(shù)以-er，-ow clever(聰明的) cleverer cleverest
結(jié)尾的雙音節(jié)詞 narrow(窄的) narrower narrowest
未尾加-er，-est
其他雙音節(jié)詞和 important(重要的)
多音節(jié)詞，在前 more important
面加more，most most important
來構(gòu)成比較級和 easily(容易地)
最高級。 more easily
most easily
2) 不規(guī)則變化
原級 比較級 最高級
good(好的)/ better best
well(健康的)
bad (壞的)/ worse worst
ill(有病的)
old (老的) older/elder oldest/eldest
much/many(多的) more most
little(少的) less least
far (遠的) farther/further farthest/furthest
4.8 as + 形容詞或副詞原級 + as
1）在否定句或疑問句中可用so… as。He cannot run so/as fast as you.
2）當(dāng)as… as 中間有名詞時采用以下格式。
as +形容詞+ a +單數(shù)名詞
as + many/much +名詞
This is as good an example as the other is.
I can carry as much paper as you can..
3）用表示倍數(shù)的詞或其他程度副詞做修飾語時，放在as的前面。
This room is twice as big as that one.
Your room is the same size as mine.
4) 倍數(shù)+ as + adj. + as <=> 倍數(shù)+ then + of
This bridge is three times as long as that one.
This bridge is three times the length of that one.
Your room is twice as large as mine.
Your room is twice the size of mine.
4.9 比較級形容詞或副詞 + than
You are taller than I.They lights in your room are as bright as those in mine.
注意：
1）要避免重復(fù)使用比較級。
(錯) He is more cleverer than his brother.
(對) He is more clever than his brother.
(對) He is clever than his brother.
2）要避免將主語含在比較對象中。
(錯) China is larger that any country in Asia.
(對) China is larger than any other countries in Asia.
3）要注意對應(yīng)句型，遵循前后一致的原則。
The population of Shanghai is larger than that of Beijing.
It is easier to make a plan than to carry
4.10 可修飾比較級的詞
1）a bit, a little, rather, much, far, by far, many, a lot, lots, a great deal, any, still, even等2）還可以用表示倍數(shù)的詞或度量名詞作修飾語。
3）以上詞(除by far)外，必須置于比較級形容詞或副詞的前面。
典型例題:
1） ---- Are you feeling ____?
---- Yes，I'm fine now.
A. any well B. any better C. quite good
D. quite better
答案：B. any 可修飾比較級，quite修飾原級，well的比較級為better.
2）The experiment was____ easier than we had expected.
A. more B. much more C. much
D. more much
答案：C. much可修飾比較級，因此B，C都說得通，但easier本身已是比較級，不需more，因此C為正確答案。
3）If there were no examinations, we should have ___ at school.
A. the happiest time B. a more happier time
C. much happiest time D. a much happier time
答案：D。
4.11 many,old 和 far
1) 如果后接名詞時， much more +不可數(shù)名詞many more +可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)
2) old 有兩種比較級和最高級形式: older/oldest 和elder/eldest。 elder，eldest 只用于兄弟姐妹的長幼關(guān)系。
My elder brother is an engineer.
Mary is the eldest of the three sisters.
3) far 有兩種比較級，farther，further. 在英語中兩者都可指距離。
在美語中，father 表示距離，further表示進一步。
I have nothing further to say.
4.12 the + 最高級 + 比較范圍
1) The Sahara is the biggest desert in the world.形容詞最高級前通常必須用定冠詞 the，副詞最高級前可不用。
形容詞most前面沒有the，不表示最高級的含義，只表示"非常"。
It is a most important problem.
=It is a very important problem.
注意： 使用最高級要注意將主語包括在比較范圍內(nèi)。
(錯) Tom is the tallest of his three brothers.
(對) Tom is the tallest of the three brothers.
2) 下列詞可修飾最高級，by far, far, much, mostly, almost
This hat is nearly / almost the biggest.
注意：
a. very可修飾最高級，但位置與much不同。
This is the very best.
This is much the best.
b. 序數(shù)詞通常只修飾最高級。
Africa is the second largest continent.
3) 句型轉(zhuǎn)換：
Mike is the most intelligent in his class.
Mike is more intelligent than any other students in his class.
4) "否定詞語+比較級"，"否定詞語+ so… as"結(jié)構(gòu)表示最高級含義。
Nothing is so easy as this.
=Nothing is easier than this.
=This is the easiest thing.
4.13 和more有關(guān)的詞組
1) the more… the more… 越……就越……The harder you work，the greater progress you'll make.
2) more B than A 與其說A不如說B
less A than B
He is more lazy than slow at his work.
= He is less slow than lazy at his work.
3) no more… than… 與……一樣……，不比……多
The officials could see no more than the Emperor.
no less… than… 與……一樣……
He is no less diligent than you.
4) more than 不只是，非常
She is more than kind to us all.
典型例題
1）The weather in China is different from____.
A. in America B. one in America C. America
D. that in America
答案：D. 本題意為"中國的天氣比美國熱。"比較的是天氣而不是國家，C不能選。A沒有名詞，后句成分不全，排除。B和D中，B中的one常用來代替可數(shù)名詞，而that可車以代替不可數(shù)或抽象名詞，所以選D。
2）After the new technique was introduced，the factory produced ___ tractors in 1988 as the year before.
A. as twice many B. as many twice C. twice as many D. twice many as
答案C. 此句意為"這個廠1988能生產(chǎn)的拖拉機是往年的兩倍"。 表示倍數(shù)用"倍數(shù)+ as + 形容詞原形+ as +比較對象"的句型。所以此句答案為C。
This ruler is three times as long as that one.