英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法大全-19. 狀語(yǔ)從句
19.1 地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)從句
地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)從句通常由where, wherever 引導(dǎo)。Where I live there are plenty of trees.
我住的地方樹很多。
Wherever I am I will be thinking of you.
不管我在哪里我都會(huì)想到你。
19.2 方式狀語(yǔ)從句
方式狀語(yǔ)從句通常由as, (just) as…so…, as if, as though引導(dǎo)。1） as, (just) as…so…引導(dǎo)的方式狀語(yǔ)從句通常位于主句后，但在(just) as…so…結(jié)構(gòu)中位于句首，這時(shí)as從句帶有比喻的含義，意思是"正如…"，"就像"，多用于正式文體，例如：
Always do to the others as you would be done by.
你希望人家怎樣待你，你就要怎樣待人。
As water is to fish, so air is to man.
我們離不開空氣，猶如魚兒離不開水。
Just as we sweep our rooms, so we should sweep backward ideas from our minds.
正如打掃房屋一樣，我們也要掃除我們頭腦中落后的東西。
2） as if, as though
兩者的意義和用法相同，引出的狀語(yǔ)從句謂語(yǔ)多用虛擬語(yǔ)氣，表示與事實(shí)相反，有時(shí)也用陳述語(yǔ)氣，表示所說(shuō)情況是事實(shí)或?qū)崿F(xiàn)的可能性較大。漢譯常作"仿佛……似的"，"好像……似的"，例如：
They completely ignore these facts as if (as though) they never existed.
他們完全忽略了這些事實(shí)，就仿佛它不存在似的。（與事實(shí)相反，謂語(yǔ)用虛擬語(yǔ)氣。）
He looks as if (as though) he had been hit by lighting.
他那樣子就像被雷擊了似的。（與事實(shí)相反，謂語(yǔ)用虛擬語(yǔ)氣。）
It looks as if the weather may pick up very soon.
看來(lái)天氣很快就會(huì)好起來(lái)。（實(shí)現(xiàn)的可能性較大，謂語(yǔ)用陳述語(yǔ)氣。）
說(shuō)明：as if / as though也可以引導(dǎo)一個(gè)分詞短語(yǔ)、不定式短語(yǔ)或無(wú)動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)，例如：
He stared at me as if seeing me for first time.
他目不轉(zhuǎn)睛地看著我，就像第一次看見我似的。
He cleared his throat as if to say something.
他清了清嗓子，像要說(shuō)什么似的。
The waves dashed on the rocks as if in anger.
波濤沖擊著巖石，好像很憤怒。
19.3 原因狀語(yǔ)從句
比較：because, since, as和for1） because語(yǔ)勢(shì)最強(qiáng)，用來(lái)說(shuō)明人所不知的原因，回答why提出的問(wèn)題。當(dāng)原因是顯而易見的或已為人們所知，就用as或 since。
I didn't go, because I was afraid.
Since /As the weather is so bad, we have to delay our journey.
2） 由because引導(dǎo)的從句如果放在句末，且前面有逗 號(hào)，則可以用for來(lái)代替。但如果不是說(shuō)明直接原因，而是多種情況加以推斷，就只能用for。
He is absent today, because / for he is ill.
He must be ill, for he is absent today.
19.4 目的狀語(yǔ)從句
表示目的狀語(yǔ)的從句可以由that, so that, in order that, lest, for fear that, in case等詞引導(dǎo)，例如：You must speak louder so that /in order that you can be heard by all.
He wrote the name down for fear that(lest) he should forget it.
Better take more clothes in case the weather is cold.
19.5 結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)從句
結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)從句常由so… that 或 such…that引導(dǎo)，掌握這兩個(gè)句型，首先要了解so 和 such與其后的詞的搭配規(guī)律。比較：so和 such
其規(guī)律由so與such的不同詞性決定。such 是形容詞，修飾名詞或名詞詞組，so 是副詞，只能修飾形容詞或副詞。 so 還可與表示數(shù)量的形容詞many, few, much, little連用，形成固定搭配。
so foolish such a fool
so nice a flower such a nice flower
so many / few flowers such nice flowers
so much / little money. such rapid progress
so many people such a lot of people
（ so many 已成固定搭配，a lot of 雖相當(dāng)于 many，但 a lot of 為名詞性的，只能用such搭配。）
so…that與such…that之間的轉(zhuǎn)換既為 so與such之間的轉(zhuǎn)換。
The boy is so young that he can't go to school.
He is such a young boy that he can't go to school
19.6 條件狀語(yǔ)從句
連接詞主要有 if, unless, as/so long as, on condition that 等。.if 引導(dǎo)的條件句有真實(shí)條件句和非真實(shí)條件句兩種。非真實(shí)條件句已在虛擬語(yǔ)氣中闡述。
unless = if not.
Let's go out for a walk unless you are too tired.
If you are not too tied, let's go out for a walk.
典型例題
You will be late ___ you leave immediately.
A. unless B. until C. if D. or
答案A。 句意：除非你立即走，否則你就回遲到的。可轉(zhuǎn)化為 If you dong leave immediately, you will be late. B、D句意不對(duì)，or表轉(zhuǎn)折，句子如為 You leave immediately or you will be late.
19.7 讓步狀語(yǔ)從句
though, although注意： 當(dāng)有though, although時(shí)，后面的從句不能有but，但是 though 和yet可連用
Although it's raining, they are still working in the field.
雖然在下雨，但他們?nèi)栽诘乩锔苫睢?br /> He is very old, but he still works very hard.
雖然他很老，但仍然努力地工作。
Though the sore be healed, yet a scar may remain.
傷口雖愈合，但傷疤留下了。 （諺語(yǔ)）
典型例題
1） ___she is young, she knows quite a lot.
A. When B. However C. Although D. Unless
答案：C。意為雖然她很年輕，卻知道許多。
2) as, though 引導(dǎo)的倒裝句
as / though引導(dǎo)的讓步從句必須表語(yǔ)或狀語(yǔ)提前（形容詞、副詞、分詞、實(shí)義動(dòng)詞提前）。
Child as /though he was, he knew what was the right thing to do.
= Though he was a small child, he knew what was the right thing to do.
注意： a. 句首名詞不能帶任何冠詞。
b. 句首是實(shí)義動(dòng)詞，其他助動(dòng)詞放在主語(yǔ)后。如果實(shí)義動(dòng)詞有賓語(yǔ)和狀語(yǔ)，隨實(shí)義動(dòng)詞一起放在主語(yǔ)之前。
Try hard as he will, he never seems able to do the work satisfactorily.
= Though he tries hard, he never seems…
雖然他盡了努力，但他的工作總做的不盡人意。
3) ever if, even though. 即使
We'll make a trip even though the weather is bad.
4) whether…or- 不管……都
Whether you believe it or not, it is true.
5) "no matter +疑問(wèn)詞" 或"疑問(wèn)詞+后綴ever"
No matter what happened, he would not mind.
Whatever happened, he would not mind.
替換：no matter what = whatever
no matter who = whoever
no matter when = whenever
no matter where = wherever
no matter which = whichever
no matter how = however
注意：no matter 不能引導(dǎo)主語(yǔ)從句和賓語(yǔ)從句。
（錯(cuò)）No matter what you say is of no use now.
（對(duì)）Whatever you say is of no use now.
你現(xiàn)在說(shuō)什么也沒用了。(Whatever you say是主語(yǔ)從句)
（錯(cuò)）Prisoners have to eat no matter what they're given,
（對(duì)）Prisoners have to eat whatever they're given. 囚犯?jìng)冎荒芙o什么吃什么。
19.8 比較while, when, as
1）as, when 引導(dǎo)短暫性動(dòng)作的動(dòng)詞。Just as / Just when / When I stopped my car, a man came up to me.
2）當(dāng)從句的動(dòng)作發(fā)生于主句動(dòng)作之前，只能用when 引導(dǎo)這個(gè)從句，不可用as 或 while。
When you have finished your work, you may have a rest.
3）從句表示"隨時(shí)間推移"連詞能用as，不用when 或while。
As the day went on, the weather got worse.
日子一天天過(guò)去，天氣越變?cè)綁摹?br />
19.9 比較until和till
此兩個(gè)連詞意義相同?？隙ㄐ问奖硎镜囊馑际?做某事直至某時(shí)"，動(dòng)詞必須是延續(xù)性的。否定形式表達(dá)的意思是"直至某時(shí)才做某事"。動(dòng)詞為延續(xù)性或非延續(xù)性都可 以。 正確使用這兩個(gè)連詞的關(guān)鍵之一就在于判斷句中的動(dòng)詞該用肯定式還是否定式。肯定句：
I slept until midnight. 我一直睡到半夜時(shí)醒了。
Wait till I call you. 等著我叫你。
（在肯定句中可用before代替 Let's get in the wheat before the sun sets.）
否定句：
She didn't arrive until 6 o'clock.
她直到6點(diǎn)才到。
Don't get off the bus until it has stopped.
公共汽車停穩(wěn)后再下車。
I didn't manage to do it until you had explained how. 直到你教我后，我才會(huì)做。
1)Until可用于句首，而till通常不用于句首。
Until you told me, I had heard nothing of what happened.
直到你告訴我以前，出了什么事我一點(diǎn)也不知道。
2)Until when 疑問(wèn)句中，until要放在句首。
---Until when are you staying? 你呆到什么時(shí)候？
--- Until next Monday. 呆到下周一。
注意：否定句可用另外兩種句式表示。
(1）Not until …在句首，主句用倒裝。
Not until the early years of the 19th century did man know what heat is.
直到19 世紀(jì)初，人類才知道熱能是什么。
Not until I began to work did I realize how much time I had wasted.
直到我開始工作，我才認(rèn)識(shí)到了我已蹉跎了幾多歲月。
(2) It is not until… that…
19.10 表示"一…就…"的結(jié)構(gòu)
hardly/scarcely…when/before, no sooner…than 和as soon as都可以表示"一…就…"的意思，例：I had hardly / scarcely got home when it began to rain.
I had no sooner got home than it began to rain.
As soon as I got home, it began to rain.
注意：如果hardly, scarcely 或no sooner置于句首，句子必須用倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)：
Hardly / Scarcely had I got home when it began to rain.
No sooner had I got home than it began to rain.