賓語(yǔ)從句講解
1.語(yǔ)序
無(wú)論主句是陳述句還是疑問(wèn)句,賓語(yǔ)從句都必須使用陳述語(yǔ)序,即“主句+連詞+賓語(yǔ)從句(主語(yǔ)+謂語(yǔ)+……)”句式。根據(jù)連接詞在從句中所擔(dān)任的不同成分,可分為以下四種:
1)連接詞+謂語(yǔ)。連接詞在從句中作主語(yǔ)。常見(jiàn)的連接詞有: who,what,which等。如:
Could you tell me who knows the answer,please?你能告訴我誰(shuí)知道答案嗎?
The small children don't know what is in their stockings.這些小孩子不知道襪子里有什么東西?
2)連接詞+名詞+謂語(yǔ)。連接詞在從句中作主語(yǔ)的定語(yǔ)。常見(jiàn)的連接詞有:whose,what,which,how many,how much等。如:
He asked whose handwriting was the best in our class.他問(wèn)我們班上誰(shuí)的書(shū)法最好。
The teacher asked us how many people there were in the room.老師問(wèn)我們房間里有多少人。
3)連接詞+主語(yǔ)+謂語(yǔ)。連接詞在從句中作賓語(yǔ)、狀語(yǔ)或表語(yǔ)。常見(jiàn)的連接詞有:who(m),what,which,how many,how much, when,why,how,where,if /whether(在句中不充當(dāng)任何成分)等。如:
He hasn't decided if he'll go on a trip to Wuxi.他還沒(méi)決定是否去無(wú)錫旅行。
Could you tell me what I should do with the money ?你能告訴我我如何處理這筆錢(qián)嗎?
4)連接詞+名詞+主語(yǔ)+謂語(yǔ)。連接詞在從句中作賓語(yǔ)或表語(yǔ)的定語(yǔ)。常見(jiàn)的連接詞有:what,which,how many,how much,how等。如:
Do you know which class he is in ?你知道他在哪個(gè)班嗎?
She asked me if I knew whose pen it was.她問(wèn)我是否知道這是誰(shuí)的鋼筆。
2.連接詞
1)當(dāng)由陳述句充當(dāng)賓語(yǔ)從句時(shí),用that引導(dǎo),that無(wú)詞義,在口語(yǔ)或非正式文體中常省略。如:
He said that he could finish his work before supper.他說(shuō)他會(huì)在晚飯前完成工作。
2)當(dāng)由一般疑問(wèn)句充當(dāng)賓語(yǔ)從句時(shí),用if或whether引導(dǎo),意為“是否”。如:
I don't know if /whether he still lives here after so many years.我不知道這么多年后他是否還住在這兒。
但在下列情況下只能用whether:
①在具有選擇意義,又有or或or not時(shí),尤其是直接與or not連用時(shí),往往用whether(if…or not也可以使用)。如:
Let me know whether /if he will come or not.(=Let me know whether or not he will come)讓我知道他是否能來(lái)。
I don't know whether /if he does any washing or not.(=I don't know whether or not he does any washing.)我不知道他洗不洗衣服。
I wonder whether we stay or whether wego.我不知道我們是去還是留。
②在介詞之后用whether。如:
I'm interested in whether he likes English.我關(guān)心的是他是否喜歡英語(yǔ)。
We're thinking about whether we can finish the work on time.我們正在考慮是否能按時(shí)完成這項(xiàng)工作。
I worry about whether I hurt her feelings.我擔(dān)心是否傷了她的感情。
③在不定式前用whether。如:
He hasn't decided whether to visit the old man.他尚未決定是否拜訪那位老人。
I don't know whether to go.我不知去否。
He hasn't decided whether to go by bus or by train.他還未決定是乘公共汽車(chē)去還是坐火車(chē)去。
④whether置于句首時(shí),不能換用if。如:
Whether this is true or not,I can't say.這是否真的我說(shuō)不上來(lái)。
⑤引導(dǎo)主語(yǔ)從句和表語(yǔ)從句時(shí)宜用whether。如:
Whether she will come or not is still a question.她是否能來(lái)還是個(gè)問(wèn)題。
The question is whether we can catch the bus.問(wèn)題是我們能否趕上公共汽車(chē)。
⑥若用if會(huì)引起歧義時(shí),則用whether。如:
Please let me know if you like the book.可理解為:
a.Please let me know whether you like the book.請(qǐng)告訴我你是否喜歡這本書(shū)。
b.If you like the book,please let me know.你如果喜歡這本書(shū),請(qǐng)告訴我。
3)如果賓語(yǔ)從句原來(lái)是特殊疑問(wèn)句,只需用原來(lái)的特殊疑問(wèn)詞引導(dǎo)。如:
Could you tell me why you were late for the meeting this morning?你能告訴我今天早上你為什么開(kāi)會(huì)遲到嗎?
3.時(shí)態(tài)
含賓語(yǔ)從句的復(fù)合句,主、從句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)呼應(yīng)應(yīng)包括以下三點(diǎn)內(nèi)容:
1)如果主句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是一般現(xiàn)在時(shí),從句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞可根據(jù)需要,選用相應(yīng)的任何時(shí)態(tài)。如:
I don't know when he will come back.我不知道他將何時(shí)回來(lái)。
He tells me that his sister came back yesterday.他告訴我他姐姐昨天回來(lái)了。
2)如果主句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是過(guò)去時(shí),賓語(yǔ)從句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞只可根據(jù)需要,選用過(guò)去時(shí)態(tài)即一般過(guò)去時(shí)、過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)、過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)或過(guò)去完成時(shí)的某一種形式。如:
①The children didn't know who he was.孩子們不知道他是誰(shuí)。
②He asked his father how it happened.他問(wèn)他父親這件事是如何發(fā)生的。
3)如果賓語(yǔ)從句所表示的是客觀事實(shí)、普遍真理、自然現(xiàn)象或習(xí)慣性動(dòng)作等,不管主句用什么時(shí)態(tài),從句時(shí)態(tài)都用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。如:
The teacher said that the earth goes round the sun.老師說(shuō)地球繞著太陽(yáng)轉(zhuǎn)。
4.注意:
if和when既可以引導(dǎo)賓語(yǔ)從句,也可以引導(dǎo)狀語(yǔ)從句,應(yīng)注意它們?cè)趦煞N從句中的意思和用法的不同。if和when引導(dǎo)賓語(yǔ)從句時(shí),分別意為“是否”和“何時(shí)”,其時(shí)態(tài)應(yīng)和主句時(shí)態(tài)相呼應(yīng);它們引導(dǎo)狀語(yǔ)從句時(shí),意思分別為“如果,假如”和“當(dāng)……時(shí)候”,當(dāng)主句時(shí)態(tài)是一般將來(lái)時(shí)時(shí),其時(shí)態(tài)用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。它們常常放在含有狀語(yǔ)從句和賓語(yǔ)從句的題干中進(jìn)行綜合考查。如:
—Do you know when he will come back tomorrow ?你知道他明天什么時(shí)候回來(lái)嗎?
—Sorry,I don't know.When he comes back,I'll tell you.對(duì)不起,不知道。當(dāng)他回來(lái)了,我將告訴你。
—I don't know if he will come.我不知道他是否會(huì)來(lái)。
—He will come if it doesn't rain.如果不下雨,他會(huì)來(lái)的。