too…to…句式用法詳解
too…to…結(jié)構(gòu)是初中英語(yǔ)中一個(gè)十分重要的結(jié)構(gòu),同時(shí)也是中考英語(yǔ)中一個(gè)十分重要的考點(diǎn),同學(xué)們?cè)趯W(xué)習(xí)或復(fù)習(xí)中應(yīng)注意以下幾點(diǎn):
一、基本結(jié)構(gòu)特點(diǎn)
too…to…結(jié)構(gòu)的基本形式為“too+形容詞或副詞+to+動(dòng)詞原形”,其意為“太……以至于不能……”。如:
He is too shy to speak to her. 他太害羞,不敢同她講話。
It's too cheap to be good. 這東西太便宜,好不了(即便宜無(wú)好貨)。
He is too young to know right from wrong. 他太小,還分不清是非。
二、不定式的邏輯主語(yǔ)
有時(shí)不定式前可以帶有一個(gè)由介詞for引出的邏輯主語(yǔ)。如:
It's too expensive for her to buy. 太貴了,她買不起。
The box is too heavy for the boy to carry. 這個(gè)箱子太重,這男孩提不起。
The print is too small for me to read without glasses. 印刷字體太小,我不戴眼鏡就看不清。
三、不定式是否帶賓語(yǔ)
在通常情況下,too…to…結(jié)構(gòu)中的不定式可根據(jù)其是否及物來(lái)確定它是否帶賓語(yǔ)。如:
He is too tired to go any further. 他太累了,不能再往前走了。(不定式to go不及物,無(wú)需帶賓語(yǔ))
She is too poor to buy such a nice a dress. 她太窮,買不起那件漂亮的連衣裙。(不定式to buy后帶有賓語(yǔ) such a nice a dress)
但是,若句子主語(yǔ)與其后不定式有動(dòng)賓關(guān)系,那么,其后的及物動(dòng)詞不定式不能帶賓語(yǔ)。如:
The nice dress is too expensive for her to buy. 這件漂亮的連衣裙太貴了,她買不起。(to buy在此雖為及物動(dòng)詞,但由于句子主語(yǔ)the nice dress與該不定式to buy有動(dòng)賓關(guān)系,故to buy后不宜再接代詞it作賓語(yǔ))
注意:若句子主語(yǔ)與其后不定式有動(dòng)賓關(guān)系,且其中的動(dòng)詞為不及物動(dòng)詞,此時(shí)應(yīng)注意在其后加適當(dāng)?shù)慕樵~。如:
The room is too dirty to live in. 這房間太臟,不能住。(句末的介詞in不可省略)
四、不定式是否用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)
上面講到,若句子主語(yǔ)與其后不定式有動(dòng)賓關(guān)系,其后作為及物動(dòng)詞的不定式不再帶賓語(yǔ)。此時(shí)還需注意,該不定式通常也不用被動(dòng)式,盡管意義上是被動(dòng)的。如:
The text is too difficult to understand. 這課文太難了,理解不了。
The text is too difficult for the students to understand. 這課文太難了,學(xué)生理解不了。
但在某些特殊的語(yǔ)境,其中的不定式必須要用被動(dòng)式。如:
He spoke in a voice too low to be heard. 他說(shuō)話的聲音太低,聽(tīng)不見(jiàn)。
He is too young to be sent to America for advanced study. 他太年輕,不能送到美國(guó)去深造。
五、與so [such]…that結(jié)構(gòu)的轉(zhuǎn)換
1. The box is too heavy for me to carry.
→The box is so heavy that I can’t carry it.
→It is such a heavy box that I can’t carry it.
2. The child is too young to dress himself.
→The child is so young that he can’t dress himself.
→He is such a young child that he can’t dress himself.
注:有時(shí)還可與 not…enough to…轉(zhuǎn)換,但此時(shí)要注意把原句型中的形容詞改為相對(duì)應(yīng)的反義詞。如:
The child is too young to dress himself.
→The child is not old enough to dress himself.
六、too…to…有時(shí)可表示肯定意義
在以下幾種情況,too…to…結(jié)構(gòu)可以表示肯定意義,而不是否定意義:
1. 當(dāng)不定式前有否定詞修飾時(shí)。比較:
He is too foolish to understand this. 他太蠢,不會(huì)明白這一點(diǎn)。
He is too clever not to understand this. 他太聰明,不會(huì)不明白這一點(diǎn)。
2. 當(dāng)副詞too的前面有否定詞修飾時(shí)。如:
Never too old to learn. 活到老學(xué)到老。(直譯:永遠(yuǎn)不會(huì)太老而不能學(xué)習(xí))
It’s never too late to stop smoking. 戒煙何時(shí)都不算晚。(直譯:永遠(yuǎn)不會(huì)太遲而不能戒煙)
3. 當(dāng)副詞too后面修飾的形容詞是glad, ready, pleased等表示“積極”意義的詞匯時(shí)。如:
I’m too glad to see you again. 又見(jiàn)到你我很高興。
We are too ready to help you. 我們很樂(lè)意幫助你。
I shall be only too pleased to get home. 我要回到家里就非常高興。
注:這類句子中的too通常含有very之意,且too前通常會(huì)有only, just等副詞修飾。