英語中的十六種時態(tài)
(1)一般現(xiàn)在時
基本形式(以do為例): 第三人稱單數(shù):does(主語為非第三人稱單數(shù));
肯定句:主語+動詞原形+其他;
He works for us.
否定句:主語+don't/doesn't+動詞原形+其他;
He doesn't work for us.
一般疑問句:Do/Does+主語+動詞原形+其他。
肯定回答:Yes,(+ 主語+do/does).
否定回答:No,(+主語+don't/doesn't.)
特殊疑問句:疑問詞+一般疑問句語
Does he work for us?
Yes, he does.
No, he doesn't
What does he do for us?
He works for us.
(2)一般過去時
be動詞+行為動詞的過去式
否定句式:在行為動詞前加didn't,同時還原行為動詞,或was/were+not;
was或were放于句首;用助動詞do的過去式did提問,同時還原行為動詞
例如: Did he work for us?
He didn't work for us.
He worked for us.
(3)一般將來時
am/are/is+going to+do 或
will/shall+do
am/is/are/about to + do
am/is/are to + do;
一般將來時的表達(dá)方法
be going to +動詞原形
be +不定式,be to+動詞原形,be about to +動詞原形
be able to +不定式
be about to+動詞原形
will + 動詞原形;
例如:He is going to work for us.
He will work for us;
He is coming.這是特殊的用一般現(xiàn)在時 表達(dá) 將來時態(tài) 的例子??!
(4)過去將來時
be(was,were)going to+動詞原形
be(was,were)about to+動詞原形
be(was,were)to+動詞原形
肯定句:主語+be(was,were)going to+動詞原形~.
否定句:主語+be(was,were)not going to+動詞原形~.
疑問句:Be(Was,Were)+主語+going to+動詞原形~?
肯定句:主語+would(should)+動詞原形~.
否定句:主語+would(should)not+動詞原形~.
疑問句:Would(Should)+主語+動詞原形~?
He would work for us.
(5)現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時
主語+be+v.ing〔現(xiàn)在分詞〕形式(其中v表示動詞)
表示現(xiàn)在正在進(jìn)行的動作或最近在做的事。
例如:I am buying a book.
第一人稱+am+doing+sth
第二人稱+are+doing +sth (doing是泛指所有的v-ing形式)
第三人稱+is+doing+sth
例:He is working.
(6)過去進(jìn)行時
肯定句:主語+was/were+doing+其它
否定句:主語+was/were+not+doing+其它
一般疑問句及答語:Was/Were+主語+doing+其它 ;答語:Yes,I主語+was/were./No,I主語
+wasn't/weren't.
特殊疑問句:特殊疑問詞+was/were+主語+doing+其它
He was working when he was alive.
(7)將來進(jìn)行時
主語+will + be +現(xiàn)在分詞
He will be working for us.=He will work for us.
(8)過去將來進(jìn)行時
should(would)+be+現(xiàn)在分詞
He said that he would be working for us.=He said that he would work for us.
(9)現(xiàn)在完成時
基本結(jié)構(gòu):主語+have/has+過去分詞(done)
①肯定句:主語+have/has+過去分詞+其他
②否定句:主語+have/has+not+過去分詞+其他
③一般疑問句:Have/Has+主語+過去分詞+其他
④特殊疑問句:特殊疑問詞+一般疑問句(have/has+主語+過去分詞+其他\
He has worked for us for ten years.
Has he worked for us for ten years.
(10)過去完成時
基本結(jié)構(gòu):主語+had+過去分詞(done)
①肯定句:主語+had+過去分詞+其他
②否定句:主語+had+not+過去分詞+其他
③一般疑問句:Had+主語+過去分詞+其他
肯定回答:Yes,主語+had
否定回答:No,主語+hadn't
④特殊疑問句:特殊疑問詞+一般疑問句(had+主語+過去分詞+其他)
語法判定:
( 1 ) by + 過去的時間點。如:
I had finished reading the novel by nine o'clock last night.
( 2 ) by the end of + 過去的時間點。如:
We had learnt over two thousand English words by the end of last term.
( 3 ) before + 過去的時間點。如:
They had planted six hundred trees before last Wednesday.
(11)將來完成時
(shall)will+have+動詞過去分詞
before+將來時間或by+將來時間
before或by the time引導(dǎo)的現(xiàn)在時的從句
He will have worked for us.=He will work for us.
(12)過去將來完成時
should / would have done sth.
He said that he would have worked for us.=He said that he would work for us.
(13)現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時
基本與現(xiàn)在完成時相同,但是現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時只能表示仍然持續(xù)的概念
have/has been +-ing 分詞
He has been working for us for ten years.=He has worked for us for ten years.
(14)過去完成進(jìn)行時
had been +-ing 分詞
He said that he had been working for us for ten years.=He said that he had worked for us for ten years.
(15)將來完成進(jìn)行時
主語+ shall/will have been doing
He will have been working for us.=He will work for us.
翻譯為:他最近一直在為我們工作(過去在工作,現(xiàn)在在工作,將來還會工作)
(16)過去將來完成進(jìn)行時
should+have been+現(xiàn)在分詞用于第一人稱
would have been+現(xiàn)在分詞用于其他人稱
He said that he would have been working for us.=He said that he would work for us.
舉例:
英語中有12個主要時態(tài),都來自于三時(過去、現(xiàn)在、將來)
現(xiàn)在以I listen為例,舉例英語中有12個主要時態(tài)如下所示:
一般現(xiàn)在時:I listen
現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時:I am listening
過去進(jìn)行時:I was listening
現(xiàn)在完成時:I have listened
現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時:I have been listening
一般將來時:I shall listen”或“I will listen.”
將來進(jìn)行時:I shall be listening
一般過去時:I listened
過去完成時:I had listened
過去完成進(jìn)行時:I had been listening
將來完成時: I shall have listened
將來完成進(jìn)行時: I shall have been listening
英語中不存在屬格
一個普遍的誤解是在英語中只存在一個以“'s”結(jié)尾表示所屬的屬格。然而,語言學(xué)家已經(jīng)表明英語的所有格完全不是一個格,而是一個獨立的詞并且在書寫和發(fā)音上都不是前一個詞的一部分,這可以有下面這個句子表明:The King of Sparta's wife was called Helen.(斯巴達(dá)國王的妻子叫做海倫。)如果“'s”是屬格,那么“妻子”(wife)就屬于“斯巴達(dá)”(Sparta),但是“'s”并不是只表示“斯巴達(dá)”(Sparta),而是表示“斯巴達(dá)國王”(King of Sparta)。
上面這個例子并不表明英語沒有自己的屬格;但是它現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)發(fā)展成為另一個形式。在古英語中,ban的屬格形式是banes。后來在現(xiàn)代英語中,這個發(fā)展成為了使用“'s”表示的“bone's”。在18世紀(jì),人們對此的解釋是省略號代替了一個屬格代詞,就像“the King's horse”是“the King, his horse”的縮寫。但是這個解釋是不正確的。人們更相信是省略號代替了古英語中的“e”。
英語和“與格”
在現(xiàn)代英語中,與格不再是英語語法的一部分,它只出現(xiàn)在一些表達(dá)用語中。一個很好的例子是單詞methinks(據(jù)我看來)。它來源于古英語的與格形式變化:me(與格的人稱代詞)+thinks(to seem,與動詞詞組to think很接近的一個詞組)?!∨c格在英語中可以不要前置詞,例如在“He built me a snowman.”中一樣。在這個例子中,“me”是與格。
英語中不可把被動語態(tài)作為一種時態(tài)
在部分英語教材中,由于編者自身對被動語態(tài)的理解或其他原因,錯誤的將被動語態(tài)當(dāng)成一種時態(tài),但其實,被動語態(tài)是一種語態(tài),不可能當(dāng)作時態(tài)。在英國,這是一個常識。因此,在英國,如果有人犯了這種錯誤,簡直是貽笑大方。