直接引語(yǔ)和間接引語(yǔ)用法講解
一、概述
引用或轉(zhuǎn)述別人說(shuō)的話時(shí)有兩種方法：直接引述別人的原話，這叫做直接引語(yǔ)(direct speech)。用自己的話轉(zhuǎn)述別人的話，叫間接引語(yǔ)(indirect speech)。一般地講，直接引語(yǔ)前后要加引號(hào)，間接引語(yǔ)不用引號(hào)，而用賓語(yǔ)從句來(lái)表達(dá)。
Mr. Black said, "I'm busy."布菜克先生說(shuō)："我很忙"。（直接引語(yǔ)）
Mr. Black said that he was busy.布菜克先生說(shuō)他很忙。（賓語(yǔ)從句是間接引語(yǔ)）
從上例看來(lái)，直接引語(yǔ)改為間接引語(yǔ)時(shí),除將直接引語(yǔ)改為賓語(yǔ)從句之外，還須對(duì)直接引語(yǔ)中的人稱(chēng)和時(shí)態(tài)進(jìn)行相應(yīng)的變化，如上例直接引語(yǔ)中的I改成了he, am則改成了was?，F(xiàn)將由直接引語(yǔ)改為間接引語(yǔ)時(shí)應(yīng)注意的問(wèn)題,分述如下：
二、直接引語(yǔ)是陳述句時(shí)
直接引語(yǔ)如果是陳述句，變?yōu)殚g接引語(yǔ)時(shí)，用連詞that引導(dǎo)（that在口語(yǔ)中常省去），that從句之前用say、tell等動(dòng)詞，從句中的人稱(chēng)、時(shí)態(tài)、指示代詞、時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)、地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)等要作相應(yīng)的變化。
1、 人稱(chēng)的變化
直接引語(yǔ)改為間接引語(yǔ)人稱(chēng)要相應(yīng)的變化，把直接引語(yǔ)中的第一人稱(chēng)(如：I，me，my，mine，we，us，our，ours)變?yōu)榕c主句的主語(yǔ)相一致的人稱(chēng)。把直接引語(yǔ)中的第二人稱(chēng)(you，your，yours)變?yōu)楹椭骶涞拈g接賓語(yǔ)(即聽(tīng)話人，如無(wú)聽(tīng)話人，可根據(jù)上下文的體會(huì)人為確定一個(gè)人稱(chēng))相一致的人稱(chēng)。直接引語(yǔ)中的第三人稱(chēng)(he，him，his，she，her，hers,it，its,they,their，theirs，them)變?yōu)殚g接引語(yǔ)時(shí)，人稱(chēng)不變。
He said , "I like it very much." 他說(shuō)："我非常喜歡它"。
→He said that he liked it very much. 他說(shuō)他非常喜歡它。(I改為he, it不變)
He said, "You told me this story."他說(shuō)："你給我講過(guò)這個(gè)故事。"
→He said that I had told him that story.他說(shuō)我給他講過(guò)那個(gè)故事。(You改為I, me改為him, told改為had told)
He said to me, "She's left her book in your room".他對(duì)我說(shuō)："她把書(shū)放在你的房間里去了。"
He told me that she had left her book in my room. 他對(duì)我說(shuō)她把書(shū)放在我的房間里去了。（She's→she had， her不變，your→my）
2、 時(shí)態(tài)的變化
（1）主句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是一般過(guò)去時(shí)
如主句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是一般過(guò)去時(shí)，直接引語(yǔ)變間接引語(yǔ)時(shí)，從句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞在時(shí)態(tài)方面要作相應(yīng)的變化。直接引語(yǔ)改為間接引語(yǔ)時(shí),動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)相應(yīng)變化表：
He said, "I usually watch TV on Sunday."他說(shuō)："我常在星期天看電視"。
→He said that he usually watched TV on Sunday.他說(shuō)他常在星期天看電視。
He said, "I'm using the knife."他說(shuō)："我正在用小刀。"
→He said that he was using the knife.他說(shuō)他正在用小刀。
She said, "I have not heard from him since May."她說(shuō)："自從五月份來(lái)我就沒(méi)收到他的來(lái)信。"
→She said that she had not heard from him since May. 她說(shuō)自五月以來(lái)她就沒(méi)收到他的來(lái)信。
He said，"I came to help you."他說(shuō)："我來(lái)幫助你。"
→He said that he had come to help me.他說(shuō)他來(lái)幫助我。
He said, "I had finished my homework before supper."他說(shuō)："晚飯前我己做完了作業(yè)。"
→He said that he had finished his homework before supper.他說(shuō)晚飯前他己做完了作業(yè)。
Zhou Lan said, "I'll do it after class."周蘭說(shuō)："下課后我就去做。"
→Zhou Lan said that she would do it after class.周蘭說(shuō)下課后她就去做。
He said,"I shall be doing my homework then."他說(shuō)："那時(shí)我將正在做作業(yè)。"
→He said that he should be doing his homework then.他說(shuō)那時(shí)他將正在做作業(yè)。
He said, "We shall have finished the work by that time."他說(shuō)："我們將在那時(shí)以前完成工作。"
→He said that they should have finished the work by that time.他說(shuō)他們將在那時(shí)前完成工作。
注意：直接引語(yǔ)如果是客觀真理、名人名言、與一個(gè)具體的過(guò)去時(shí)間連用說(shuō)明客觀事實(shí)時(shí)，變?yōu)殚g接引語(yǔ)時(shí)，時(shí)態(tài)不變。
The teacher said, "The earth is round. "老師說(shuō)："地球是圓的。"
→The teacher said that the earth is round.老師說(shuō)地球是圓的。
He said, "I was born in Shangdong in 1965." 他說(shuō): "我1965年生于山東。"
→He said that he was born in Shangdong in 1965. 他說(shuō)他1965年生于山東。
He said, "Columbus discovered America in 1492."他說(shuō)："哥倫布在1492年發(fā)現(xiàn)了美洲。"
→He said Columbus discovered America in 1492.他說(shuō)哥倫布在1492年發(fā)現(xiàn)了美洲。
（2）主句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是現(xiàn)在時(shí)或?qū)?lái)時(shí)
如果主句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是現(xiàn)在時(shí)或?qū)?lái)時(shí)，直接引語(yǔ)變?yōu)殚g接引語(yǔ)時(shí)，時(shí)態(tài)一律不變
He says, "I finished the work."他說(shuō)："我做完工作了。"
He says that he finished the work. 他說(shuō)他做完工作了。
He will say, "I have watered the flowers." 他會(huì)說(shuō)："我己經(jīng)澆花了。"
He will say he has watered the flowers. 他會(huì)說(shuō)他己經(jīng)澆花了。
3、指示代詞、時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)和地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)的相應(yīng)變化
見(jiàn)下表：
直接引語(yǔ) 間接引語(yǔ)
指示代詞 this/these that/those
時(shí)間狀語(yǔ) now then
today that day
tonight that night
this week (month…) that week (month…)
yesterday the day before
last week (month…) the week (month…)before
two weeks (month)ago two weeks (months)before
tomorrow the next day
next week (month…) the next week (month…)
地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ) here there
動(dòng) 詞 come go
bring take
He said, "I met Mr. Smith this morning."他說(shuō)"我今天早晨見(jiàn)到史密斯了。"
He said that he had met Mr. Smith that morning. 他說(shuō)他那天早晨見(jiàn)到史密斯了。
He said, "We went to the cinema yesterday." 他說(shuō)："我們昨天去電影院了。"
→He said they had gone to the cinema the day before. 他說(shuō)前一天他們?nèi)ル娪霸毫恕?/p>
Lily said, "I will come back next month." 莉莉說(shuō)："我下個(gè)月回來(lái)。"
→Lily said that she would go back the next month. 莉莉說(shuō)她下一個(gè)月就回去。
He said, "It is nine o'clock now."他說(shuō)："現(xiàn)在九點(diǎn)了。"
→He said that it was nine o'clock then.他說(shuō)那時(shí)九點(diǎn)了。
He said, "I haven't seen her today."他說(shuō)："今天我沒(méi)見(jiàn)到她。"
→He said that he hadn't seen her that day .他說(shuō)那天他沒(méi)有見(jiàn)到她。
She said, "I went there yesterday."她說(shuō)："昨天我去了那兒。"
→She said that she had gone there the day before.她說(shuō)前一天她去了那兒。
She said, "I'll go there tomorrow."她說(shuō)："明天我將去那兒。"
→She said that she would go there the next day.她說(shuō)第二天她將去那兒。
He said, "My sister was here three days ago."他說(shuō)："三天前我妹妹在這兒。"
→He said that his sister had been there three days before.他說(shuō)三天前他妹妹在那兒。(here→there; ago→before)
She said, "I will come here this evening."她說(shuō)："今晚我將來(lái)這兒。"
→She said that she would go there that evening.她說(shuō)那晚她將去那兒。（come→go；here→there；this→that）
以上這些變化,要根據(jù)說(shuō)話的具體時(shí)間和具體地點(diǎn)的情況而定，不可機(jī)械照搬。如果就在當(dāng)?shù)剞D(zhuǎn)述，here就不必改為there, come也不必改為go,如果就在當(dāng)天轉(zhuǎn)述，yesterday或tomorrow等時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)也不必改變。直接引語(yǔ)中的一般過(guò)去時(shí)如與一個(gè)具體的過(guò)去時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用，間接引語(yǔ)的一般過(guò)去時(shí)時(shí)態(tài)不變。
Father said,"I am free this afternoon "父親說(shuō)："我今天下午有空。"
→Father said that he was free this afternoon. 父親說(shuō)他今天下午有空。
He said, "I am going there tomorrow."他說(shuō)"我明天去那里。"
He said that he was going there tomorrow. 他說(shuō)他明天去那里。
巧記:去掉引號(hào)加that，人稱(chēng)變化要靈活，時(shí)態(tài)向后退一步，狀語(yǔ)變化按規(guī)定。
三、直接引語(yǔ)是疑問(wèn)句時(shí)
直接引語(yǔ)如為疑問(wèn)句，改為間接引語(yǔ)時(shí)，須將疑問(wèn)句的語(yǔ)序改為陳述句的語(yǔ)序。其人稱(chēng)、時(shí)態(tài)等相應(yīng)的變化同上。
巧記：if(或whether)替引號(hào)，陳述語(yǔ)序要記牢。時(shí)態(tài)人稱(chēng)和狀語(yǔ)要變化，千萬(wàn)別把它忘掉。
1、直接引語(yǔ)是一般問(wèn)句
變?yōu)殚g接引語(yǔ)時(shí)，須用連接詞whether或if將其引出，使其成為間接引語(yǔ)的賓語(yǔ)從句。如果主句中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞為said，則將其改為asked。如果謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞后沒(méi)有間接賓語(yǔ)，可以加上一個(gè)間接賓語(yǔ)me, him, her, them, us等。
She said, "Is your father an engineer?" 她說(shuō)："你父親是工程師嗎?"
→She asked me whether my father was an engineer.她問(wèn)我說(shuō)我父親是否是工程師。
The teacher said to Li Ming, "Have you finished your homework?"老師對(duì)李明說(shuō)："你做完作業(yè)了嗎?"
→The teacher asked Li Ming whether he had finished his homework.老師問(wèn)李明是否已做完作業(yè)了。
2、直接引語(yǔ)是特殊問(wèn)句
如果直接引語(yǔ)為特殊疑問(wèn)句, 改為間接引語(yǔ)時(shí)，仍用特殊疑問(wèn)句中的疑問(wèn)詞what, where, when, who, how many作為連接詞將其引出，構(gòu)成間接引語(yǔ)中的賓語(yǔ)從句，但須將疑問(wèn)式的動(dòng)詞改為陳述式。如果主句中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞為said，則將其改為asked。
巧記：直接去引號(hào)，陳述語(yǔ)序莫忘掉。助動(dòng)do(does)、did，要去掉。
"What do you do every Sunday morning?"my friend said to me.我的朋友問(wèn)我說(shuō)，每星期天上午你做什么?
→My friend asked me what I did every Sunday morning. 我的朋友問(wèn)我每星期天上午我做什么。
"Where have you been, Li Ming?"the teacher asked. 老師問(wèn)道："你上哪里去了，李明?"
→The teacher asked Li Ming where he had been. 老師問(wèn)李明曾去過(guò)哪兒。
I asked her, "How many English books will you read next term?" 我問(wèn)她說(shuō)："下學(xué)期你將讀多少本英語(yǔ)書(shū)? "
→I asked her how many English books she would read the next term.我問(wèn)她下學(xué)期將讀多少本英文書(shū)。
"When did you get up this morning?"asked my father.我父親問(wèn)道："今天早晨你什么時(shí)候起床的?"
→My father asked me when I had got up that morning. 我父親問(wèn)我那天早晨我是什么時(shí)候起床的。
注意： 直接引語(yǔ)里是：What's wrong with……?/What's the matter? /What's the trouble?/What has happened?/等特殊疑問(wèn)句時(shí),間接引語(yǔ)的語(yǔ)序不變。
He said to her"What's the matter with you?"他問(wèn)她"你怎么了？"
He asked her what was the matter with her. 他問(wèn)她怎么了。
四、直接引語(yǔ)是祈使句
巧記：去掉引號(hào)要加to；ask，order須記住，直引若是否定式，not加在to前部。
轉(zhuǎn)述祈使句時(shí)，要使祈使句的動(dòng)詞原形變?yōu)閹o的不定式，并在不定式的前面根據(jù)句子的意思加上tell、ask、order等動(dòng)詞，如果祈使句為否定式，在不定式的前面加not。如果祈使句中有please一詞,改為間接引語(yǔ)時(shí)，就將please去掉。成為：told (asked, ordered, warned)someone (not)to do something結(jié)構(gòu)。
He said,"Sit down, please." 他說(shuō)："請(qǐng)坐。"
→He asked me to sit down. 他讓我坐下。
The teacher said, "Don't talk in class! " 老師說(shuō)："上課不要講話! "
→The teacher told us not to talk in class!老師要我們上課不要講話。
The captain said to his men,"Fire! "上尉對(duì)他的士兵們說(shuō)"開(kāi)火！"
→The captain ordered his men to fire. 上尉命令他的士兵們開(kāi)火！
The policeman said to the children,"Don't play football in the middle of the street."警察對(duì)孩子們說(shuō)："別在馬路中間踢足球。"
→The policeman warned the children not to play football in the middle of the street.警察警告孩子們不要在馬路中間踢足球。