英語語法大全-15. 主謂一致

15. 主謂一致

主謂一致是指：
1）語法形式上要一致，即單復(fù)數(shù)形式與謂語要一致。
2）意義上要一致，即主語意義上的單復(fù)數(shù)要與謂語的單復(fù)數(shù)形式一致。
3）就近原則，即謂語動(dòng)詞的單復(fù)形式取決于最靠近它的詞語，

一般來說，不可數(shù)名詞用動(dòng)詞單數(shù)，可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)用動(dòng)詞復(fù)數(shù)。
There is much water in the thermos.
但當(dāng)不可數(shù)名詞前有表示數(shù)量的復(fù)數(shù)名詞時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式。
Ten thousand tons of coal were produced last year.

15.1 并列結(jié)構(gòu)作主語時(shí)謂語用復(fù)數(shù)

Reading and writing are very important.

注意：當(dāng)主語由and連結(jié)時(shí)，如果它表示一個(gè)單一的概念，即指同一人或同一物時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)，and 此時(shí)連接的兩個(gè)詞前只有一個(gè)冠詞。
The iron and steel industry is very important to our life.

典型例題
The League secretary and monitor ___ asked to make a speech at the meeting.
A. is B. was C. are D. were
答案B. 注：先從時(shí)態(tài)上考慮。這是過去發(fā)生的事情應(yīng)用過去時(shí)，先排除A.，C.。本題易誤選D，因?yàn)門he League secretary and monitor 好象是兩個(gè)人，但仔細(xì)辨別， monitor 前沒有the，在英語中，當(dāng)一人兼數(shù)職時(shí)只在第一個(gè)職務(wù)前加定冠詞。后面的職務(wù)用and 相連。這樣本題主語為一個(gè)人，所以應(yīng)選B。

15.2 主謂一致中的靠近原則

1）當(dāng)there be 句型的主語是一系列事物時(shí)，謂語應(yīng)與最鄰近的主語保持一致。
There is a pen, a knife and several books on the desk..
There are twenty boy-students and twenty-three girl-students in the class.

2）當(dāng)either… or… 與neither… nor，連接兩個(gè)主語時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞與最鄰近的主語保持一致。如果句子是由here, there引導(dǎo)，而主語又不止一個(gè)時(shí)，謂語通常也和最鄰近的主語一致。
Either you or she is to go.
Here is a pen, a few envelops and some paper for you.

15.3 謂語動(dòng)詞與前面的主語一致

當(dāng)主語后面跟有with, together with, like, except, but, no less than, as well as 等詞引起的短語時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞與前面的主語一致。
The teacher together with some students is visiting the factory.
He as well as I wants to go boating.

15.4 謂語需用單數(shù)

1）代詞each和由every, some, no, any等構(gòu)成的復(fù)合代詞作主語，或主語中含有each, every, 謂語需用單數(shù)。
Each of us has a tape-recorder.
There is something wrong with my watch.

2）當(dāng)主語是一本書或一條格言時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞常用單數(shù)。
The Arabian Night is a book known to lovers of English.
<<天方夜譚>>是英語愛好者熟悉的一本好書。

3）表示金錢，時(shí)間，價(jià)格或度量衡的復(fù)合名詞作主語時(shí)，通常把這些名詞看作一個(gè)整體，謂語一般用單數(shù)。(用復(fù)數(shù)也可，意思不變。)
Three weeks was allowed for making the necessary preparations.
Ten yuan is enough.

15.5 指代意義決定謂語的單復(fù)數(shù)

1）在代詞what, which, who, none, some, any, more, most, all等詞的單復(fù)數(shù)由其指代的詞的單復(fù)數(shù)決定。
All is right. (一切順利。)
All are present. (所有人都到齊了。)

2）集體名詞作主語時(shí)，謂語的數(shù)要根據(jù)主語的意思來決定。如family, audience, crew, crowd, class, company, committee等詞后用復(fù)數(shù)形式時(shí)，意為這個(gè)集體中的各個(gè)成員，用單數(shù)時(shí)表示該個(gè)集體。
His family isn't very large. 他家不是一個(gè)大家庭。
His family are music lovers. 他的家人都是音樂愛好者。
但集合名詞people, police, cattle, poultry等在任何情況下都用復(fù)數(shù)形式。
Are there any police around?

3）有些名詞，如variety, number, population, proportion, majority 等有時(shí)看作單數(shù)，有時(shí)看作復(fù)數(shù)。
A number of +名詞復(fù)數(shù)+復(fù)數(shù)動(dòng)詞。
The number of +名詞復(fù)數(shù)+單數(shù)動(dòng)詞。
A number of books have lent out.
The majority of the students like English.

15.6 與后接名詞或代詞保持一致

1）用half of, part of, most of, a portion of 等詞引起主語時(shí)，動(dòng)詞通常與of后面的名詞，代詞保持一致。
Most of his money is spent on books.
Most of the students are taking an active part in sports.

2）在一些短語，如 many a 或 more than one 所修飾的詞作主語時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞多用單數(shù)形式。但由more than… of 作主語時(shí)，動(dòng)詞應(yīng)與其后的名詞或代詞保持一致。
Many a person has read the novel. 許多人都讀過這本書。
More than 60 percent of the students are from the city.百分之六十多的學(xué)生都來自這個(gè)城市。