主謂一致講解
一.概念:
主謂一致是指:
1) 語法形式上要一致,即單復數形式與謂語要一致。
2) 意義上要一致,即主語意義上的單復數要與謂語的單復數形式一致。
3) 就近原則,即謂語動詞的單復形式取決于最靠近它的詞語,
一般來說,不可數名詞用動詞單數,可數名詞復數用動詞復數。例如:
There is much water in the thermos.
但當不可數名詞前有表示數量的復數名詞時,謂語動詞用復數形式。例如:
Ten thousand tons of coal were produced last year.
二.相關知識點精講
1.并列結構作主語時謂語用復數,例如:
Reading and writing are very important. 讀寫很重要。
注意:當主語由and連結時,如果它表示一個單一的概念,即指同一人或同一物時,謂語動詞用單數,and 此時連接的兩個詞前只有一個冠詞。例如:
The iron and steel industry is very important to our life. 鋼鐵工業(yè)對我們的生活有重要意義。
典型例題
The League secretary and monitor ___ asked to make a speech at the meeting.
A. is B. was C. are D. were
答案B. 注:先從時態(tài)上考慮。這是過去發(fā)生的事情應用過去時,先排除A.,C。本題易誤選D,因為The League secretary and monitor 好象是兩個人,但仔細辨別,monitor 前沒有the,在英語中,當一人兼數職時只在第一個職務前加定冠詞。后面的職務用and 相連。這樣本題主語為一個人,所以應選B。
2. 主謂一致中的靠近原則
1)當there be 句型的主語是一系列事物時,謂語應與最鄰近的主語保持一致。例如:
There is a pen, a knife and several books on the desk. 桌上有一支筆、一把小刀和幾本書。
There are twenty boy-students and twenty-three girl-students in the class.班上有二十個男孩,二十三個女孩。
2)當either… or… 與neither… nor,連接兩個主語時,謂語動詞與最鄰近的主語保持一致。如果句子是由here, there引導,而主語又不止一個時,謂語通常也和最鄰近的主語一致。例如:
Either you or she is to go. 不是你去,就是她去。
Here is a pen, a few envelops and some paper for you. 給你筆、信封和紙。
3.謂語動詞與前面的主語一致
當主語有with, together with, like, except, but, no less than, as well as 等詞組成的短語時,謂語動詞與前面的主語部分一致。例如:
The teacher together with some students is visiting the factory. 教師和一些學生在參觀工廠。
He as well as I wants to go boating.他和我想去劃船。
4. 謂語需用單數的情況
1)代詞each以及由every, some, no, any等構成的復合代詞作主語時,或主語中含有each, every時, 謂語需用單數。例如:
Each of us has a tape-recorder. 我們每人都有錄音機。
There is something wrong with my watch. 我的表壞了。
2)當主語是一本書或一條格言時,謂語動詞常用單數。例如:
The Arabian Night is a book known to lovers of English. 《天方夜譚》是英語愛好者熟悉的一本書。
3)表示金錢,時間,價格或度量衡的復合名詞作主語時,通常把這些名詞看作一個整體,謂語一般用單數。例如:
Three weeks was allowed for making the necessary preparations. 用三個星期來做準備。
Ten yuan is enough. 十元夠了。
5.指代意義決定謂語的單復數
1)代詞what, which, who, none, some, any, more, most, all等詞的單復數由其指代的詞的單復數決定。例如:
All is right. 一切順利。
All are present. 人都到齊了。
2)集體名詞作主語時,謂語的數要根據主語的意思來決定。如family, audience, crew, crowd, class, company, committee等詞后,謂語動詞用復數形式時強調這個集體中的各個成員,用單數時強調該集體的整體。例如:
His family isn't very large. 他家成員不多。
His family are music lovers. 他家個個都是音樂愛好者。
但集合名詞people, police, cattle, poultry等在任何情況下都用復數形式。例如:
Are there any police around? 附近有警察嗎?
3)有些名詞,如variety, number, population, proportion, majority 等有時看作單數,有時看作復數。例如:
A number of +名詞復數+復數動詞。
The number of +名詞復數+單數動詞。
A number of books have lent out.
The majority of the students like English.
6.與后接名詞或代詞保持一致的情況
1)用half of, most of, none of, heaps of, lots of, plenty of 等引起主語時,謂語動詞通常與of后面的名詞/代詞保持一致。例如:
Most of his money is spent on books. 他大部分的錢化在書上了。
Most of the students are taking an active part in sports. 大部分學生積極參與體育運動。
2)用a portion of, a series of, a pile of, a panel of 等引起主語時,謂語動詞通常用單數。例如: A series of accidents has been reported. 媒體報道了一連串的事故。
A pile of lots was set beside the hearth. 爐邊有一堆木柴。
3)如 many a 或 more than one 所修飾的短語作主語時,謂語動詞多用單數形式。但由more than… of 作主語時,動詞應與其后的名詞或代詞保持一致。例如:
Many a person has read the novel. 許多人讀過這本書。
More than 60 percent of the students are from the city.百分之六十多的學生來自這個城市。