定語從句考點復(fù)習(xí)攻略
定語從句就是在考句子成分,而關(guān)系代詞與關(guān)系副詞的區(qū)分就是為了劃定句子成分。這也就是為什么要熟背出所有的關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞的道理。關(guān)系代詞對人有who,whom,對物有which,都可以的是that,說誰的是whose,還有一個特殊的as.關(guān)系副詞只有三個,時間地點和原因,when,where和why.
正由于關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞在句子中所做成分截然不容,其中關(guān)系代詞作的是主語,賓語(表語也算,和賓語位置相同),還有whose作的是定語,而關(guān)系副詞永遠(yuǎn)做的是狀語。所以大多數(shù)情況下(whose表示物主一會兒另說)當(dāng)橫線后定語從句不缺少主語或者賓語的情況下,就必然不會填關(guān)系代詞中的任何一個,這會兒往往就已經(jīng)篩掉了2個選項了。剩下三個關(guān)系副詞具體是誰,就看先行詞就行了。
到這里,還要多說一點,關(guān)系副詞是可以由“介詞+which”替換的,比如in the morning的定語從句改寫就既可以改寫為when也可以改寫為in which,但是關(guān)系副詞why的替換是固定的,由于先行詞基本就是reason,所以why只能替換為for which。
下邊來說一下特殊情況,只能用that的幾種情況,挨個背一下吧。不定代詞,all,only,very,序數(shù)詞,最高級,又有人又有物。
然后是as這個特殊的詞,引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句的時候,as可以放在句首,而which不可以。之后就是such as 和such that的問題了。such as本身當(dāng)“比如”講,但是such 和as之間也是可以放詞的,就成了such A as B,這時意思就成了“像B這樣的A”,就成了定語了,也就是as是關(guān)系代詞了,這代表什么信息呢?很重要,由于關(guān)系代詞as是必須要在定語從句中作主語或賓語的,因此as后邊引導(dǎo)的句子必然缺少這兩個成分的其中一個,才能填as.說這么多是為什么呢?因為such有兩個詞組,分別是such … as… 和such… that…,考試最??嫉囊彩撬鼈儌z。區(qū)別很簡單,such that表示“如此以至于”,引導(dǎo)的是結(jié)果狀語從句,而such… as… 引導(dǎo)的是定語從句。
下邊我用一個實際的句子來詮釋。
He is such a good boy ______ everybody likes.
He is such a good boy ______ everybody likes him.
兩個句子唯一的區(qū)別就在于第2句多了個him,因此第2句主謂賓全齊了,不需要再填關(guān)系代詞了,所以就只能用that引導(dǎo),表示結(jié)果狀語從句。而第1句恰好相反,缺少了賓語,必須用as來作賓語。這個問題到此說清。
接下來說whose作定語的問題,表示所屬關(guān)系不見得是人的,“物的”也是可以的,比如房子的窗戶在定語從句中有三個說法,the house whose window = the window of which = of which the window.這個就叫做所屬關(guān)系,因此所屬關(guān)系除了whose以外就有兩個,對人是of whom,對物是of which。到這兒,就又出現(xiàn)了另一個常見考點,就是of which/whom 和of them的區(qū)別是什么呢?也很簡單,of which/whom是定語從句,也就是不能單獨成句的句子,而of them是可以單獨成句的句子,不是定語從句,舉例如下:He had many friends, many of whom are foreigners. 是定語從句。He had many friends, and many of them are foreigners. 就是并列句了,由and引導(dǎo)的句子叫并列句。
最后是關(guān)系代詞的省略問題,關(guān)系代詞作賓語或表語是可以省略的,作主語是不能省略的,因為主語后直接是動詞,省略的話就出現(xiàn)先行詞直接接從句動詞的語法錯誤。舉例:Is there anything that you want to say? 中的that就可以省略。而He is the headmaster of this school who also teaches Chemistry. 中的who就當(dāng)然不能省略。
好了,說了這么多,基本上把定語從句的脈絡(luò)理清,接下來用幾個常見考題來鞏固一下。
(2011全國卷I) 31. The prize will go to the writer ________ story shows the most imagination.
A. that B. whichC. whose D. what
解析:【C】whose作定語,表示“誰的”.
(2011全國卷II)7. Ted came for the weekend wearing only some shorts and a T-shirt, ____ is a stupid thing to do in such weather.
A. this B. that C. what D. which
解析:【D】非限制性定語從句,先行詞為前邊整句話,后邊直接接的是動詞is,所以用which作主語。
(2011北京卷)26. Mary was much kinder to Jack than she was to the others, _________, of course, make all the others upset.
A. whoB. whichC. whatD. that
解析:【B】同上一題。
(2011上海卷) 39. You'll find taxis waiting at the bus station ____ you can hire to reach your host family.
A. whichB. whereC. whenD. as
解析:【A】hire是“雇傭”的意思,這里就是租車了,所以You can hire 是主語謂語,to reach your host family 是目的狀語,這個句子缺少賓語,即租的“車”,所以缺賓語用代詞,which.
(2011山東卷)32.The old town has narrow streets and small houses _____are built close to each other.
A. they B. where C. what D. that
解析:【D】橫線后直接接動詞are,要用關(guān)系代詞作主語,只有that了。
(2011江西卷)34. She showed the visitors around the museum, the construction _____had taken more than three years.
A. for whichB. with whichC. of whichD. to which
解析:【C】這就是所屬關(guān)系,the construction of the museum = whose construction = of which the construction
(2011江蘇卷)24. Between the two parts of the concert is an interval, _______ the audience can buy ice-cream.
A. when B. where C. that D. which
解析:【A】 the audience 為主語,can buy為謂語,ice-cream為賓語,所以從句完整,不能用關(guān)系代詞。所以要用關(guān)系副詞,先行詞是interval,表示“間隔”,是時間,所以用when.
(2011湖南卷)25.Julie was good at German, French and Russian, all of _________ she spoke fluently.
A. who B. whom C. which D. that
解析:【C】同樣是所屬關(guān)系,對物所屬,所以用of which.