定語從句中的that和which
很多同學(xué)可能都會(huì)覺得在使用定語從句的時(shí)候，有時(shí)不知該選擇that還是which作為引導(dǎo)詞。其實(shí)只要記得以下幾點(diǎn)，并多做練習(xí)，在具體的句子中加以理解，一切問題就可以迎刃而解了。
首先，that和which在從句里都可以做賓語和主語，做賓語時(shí)可以省略。在定語從句中,有種說法叫"關(guān)賓省",意思是關(guān)系代詞在限制性定語從句中作賓語可以省略,不管是that，which，還是whom。但是which能引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句，that則不行。
其次，記得以下只能用that的幾種情況：
1. 當(dāng)先行詞為all, much, little, none及由any, every, some, no所構(gòu)成的復(fù)合不定代詞時(shí)。
如：We should do all that is useful to the people. 我們應(yīng)該做一切有益于人民的事情。
Please tell me anything that you know about the matter. 有關(guān)此事，凡是你所知道的請(qǐng)告訴我。
2. 當(dāng)先行詞被any, few, little, no, all, much, some等詞修飾時(shí)。
如：You can take any seat that is free. 任何空著的座位你都可以坐。
There is little work that is fit for you. 幾乎沒有適合你的工作。
3. 當(dāng)先行詞為序數(shù)詞或被序數(shù)詞所修飾時(shí)。
如：When people talk about the cities of China, the first that comes to my mind is Beijing. 人們談?wù)撈鹬袊某鞘械臅r(shí)候，我首先 想到的是北京。
This is the fourth film that has been shown in our school this term. 這是我們校本學(xué)期放映的第四部電影。
4. 當(dāng)先行詞為形容詞最高級(jí)或被形容詞最高級(jí)修飾時(shí)。
如：The best that I could do was to apologize. 我唯一能做的就是賠禮道歉了。
This is the most interesting story book that I have ever read. 這是我讀過的一本最有趣的故事書。
5. 當(dāng)先行詞被the very, the only, the last, the just, the same等修飾時(shí)。
如： This is the very book that I'm looking for. 這正是我在找的書。
The only thing that we could do was to wait. 我們唯一能做的事就是等待。
注意：先行詞被the same修飾時(shí)，關(guān)系代詞也可用as。
如：I need the same book that / as you have. 我需要有你一樣的書。
6. 當(dāng)先行詞既包含人又包含物時(shí)。
如： They are talking of the heroines and their deeds that interest them. 他們正在談?wù)撍麄兏信d趣的女英雄及她們的事跡。
7. 當(dāng)先行詞是疑問代詞who，which，what或主句以這些詞開頭時(shí)。
如：Who that has ever worked together with him doesn't admire him? 曾經(jīng)和他一起工作過的誰不欽佩他？
Which is the star that is nearer to the earth？ 哪個(gè)是離地球比較近的星星？
8. 當(dāng)先行詞為主句表語或關(guān)系代詞為從句表語時(shí)。
如：That's a good book that will help you a lot. 那是本對(duì)你很有幫助的書。
Our school is no longer the place that it used to be. 我們的學(xué)?，F(xiàn)在已不是過去的那個(gè)樣子了。
9. 先行詞為time時(shí)，當(dāng)time表示次數(shù)，引導(dǎo)詞用that, 可省略。 當(dāng)表示時(shí)間，可用that或when引導(dǎo)，都可省略。
如：I do remember the first time(that) I had ever heard the sweetest voice in the world.我很清楚地記得當(dāng)我第一次聽到世界上最美的聲音的時(shí)候。
I did't remember the exact time （when/that） I arrived in Shanghai last month. 我不記得上個(gè)月到達(dá)上海的確切時(shí)間了。
最后，請(qǐng)注意以下幾種只能使用which的情況:
1. 在“介詞＋關(guān)系代詞”結(jié)構(gòu)中，關(guān)系代詞必須用which。
如： The house in which we live is very large. 我們住的房子非常大。
This is the reference book of which the teacher is speaking. 這就是老師正在談及的那本參考書。
注意： 如果介詞不放在修飾事物的限定性定語從句的句首， which就可換為that， 例如： This is the question which/that we've had so much discussion about. =This is the question about which we've had so much discussion. 這就是我們已經(jīng)多次討論過的問題。
2. 先行詞為“those＋表事物的復(fù)數(shù)名詞”時(shí)， 關(guān)系代詞通常只用which而不用that。
如：you should grasp well those skills which may be used in the future work.
最后，記得這個(gè)特殊情況吧：當(dāng)先行詞是表示原因或方式的名詞時(shí)，可以用that引導(dǎo)定語從句，相當(dāng)于介詞+which，that可以省略。
如： She likes the child for the very reason that (=for which) she loves his father. 她喜歡那個(gè)孩子因?yàn)樗龕壑⒆拥母赣H。
He didn't like the way that (=in which) she speaks to his mother. 他不喜歡她對(duì)他的母親那樣說話。
Imagine the speed that (=at which) he drives the car. 很難想象，他開車開得那么快。
The reason (that /for which /why) he came here was to ask for our help.他來這里的原因是尋求我們的幫助。