形容詞和副詞
一. 概念
形容詞是用來修飾,描述名詞或代詞的詞,主要用作定語,表語和補(bǔ)足語等.
副詞是用來修飾動(dòng)詞,形容詞,其化副詞,介詞短語或全句的詞.
二.相關(guān)知識(shí)點(diǎn)精講
1.形容詞及其用法
1)直接說明事物的性質(zhì)或特征的形容詞是性質(zhì)形容詞,它有級(jí)的變化,可以用程度副詞修飾,在句中可作定語、表語和補(bǔ)語。例如:hot。
2)敘述形容詞只能作表語,所以又稱為表語形容詞。這類形容詞沒有級(jí)的變化,也不可用程度副詞修飾。大多數(shù)以a開頭的形容詞都屬于這一類。例如:afraid 害怕的。
這類詞還有: well,unwell,ill,faint,afraid,alike,alive,alone,asleep,awake 等。
3)形容詞作定語修飾名詞時(shí),要放在名詞的前邊。但是如果形容詞修飾以-thing為字尾的詞語時(shí),要放在這些詞之后。例如:something nice.
2.以-ly結(jié)尾的形容詞
1) 大部分形容詞加-ly可構(gòu)成副詞。但 friendly,deadly,lovely,lonely,likely,lively,ugly,brotherly,仍為形容詞。
改錯(cuò): (錯(cuò)) She sang lovely.
(錯(cuò)) He spoke to me very friendly.
(對(duì)) Her singing was lovely.
(對(duì)) He spoke to me in a very friendly way.
2)有些以-ly 結(jié)尾既為形容詞,也為副詞,如daily,weekly,monthly,yearly,early等。例如:
The Times is a weekly paper. 《時(shí)代周刊》為周刊。
The Times is published weekly. 《時(shí)代周刊》每周發(fā)行一期。
3.用形容詞表示類別和整體
1) 某些形容詞加上定冠詞可以泛指一類人,與謂語動(dòng)詞的復(fù)數(shù)連接,如the dead,the living,the rich,the poor,the blind,the hungry等。例如:
The poor are losing hope. 窮人行將失去希望。
2) 有關(guān)國(guó)家和民族的形容詞加上定冠詞指這個(gè)民族的整體,與動(dòng)詞的復(fù)數(shù)連用,如the British,the English,the French,the Chinese等。例如:
The English have wonderful sense of humor. 英國(guó)人頗有幽默感。
4. 多個(gè)形容詞修飾名詞的順序
多個(gè)形容詞修飾名詞時(shí),其順序?yàn)椋合薅ㄔ~--數(shù)詞--描繪詞--(大小,長(zhǎng)短,形狀,新舊,顏色)--出處--材料性質(zhì)--類別--名詞。例如:
a small round table/ a tall gray building/ a dirty old brown shirt/ a famous German medical school/ an expensive Japanese sports car
2) One day they crossed the ____bridge behind the palace.
A. old Chinese stone B. Chinese old stone C. old stone Chinese D. Chinese stone old
答案A. 幾個(gè)形容詞修飾一個(gè)名詞,他們的排列順序是:年齡,形狀,大小+顏色+來源+質(zhì)地+用途+國(guó)家+名詞。
3) ---- How was your recent visit to Qingdao?
---- It was great. We visited some friends,and spent the ___days at the seaside.
A. few last sunny B. last few sunny C. last sunny few D. few sunny last
5.副詞的位置
1) 在動(dòng)詞之前。
2) 在be動(dòng)詞、助動(dòng)詞之后。
3) 多個(gè)助動(dòng)詞時(shí),副詞一般放在第一個(gè)助動(dòng)詞后。
注意:
a. 大多數(shù)方式副詞位于句尾,但賓語過長(zhǎng),副詞可以提前,以使句子平衡。例如:
We could see very clearly a strange light ahead of us.我們清楚地看到前面有奇怪的光。
b. 方式副詞well,badly,hard等只放在句尾。例如:
He speaks English well. 他英語說得好。
6.副詞的排列順序:
1) 時(shí)間,地點(diǎn)副詞,小單位的在前,大單位在后。
2) 方式副詞,短的在前,長(zhǎng)的在后,并用and或but等連詞連接。例如:
Please write slowly and carefully. 請(qǐng)寫得慢一些,仔細(xì)一些
3) 多個(gè)不同副詞排列:程度+地點(diǎn)+方式+時(shí)間副詞。
注意:副詞very 可以修飾形容詞,但不能修飾動(dòng)詞。
改錯(cuò):(錯(cuò)) I very like English.
(對(duì)) I like English very much.
注意:副詞enough要放在形容詞的后面,形容詞enough放在名詞前后都可。例如:
I don't know him well enough. 他我不熟悉。
There is enough food for everyone to eat.有足夠的食物供每個(gè)人吃。
There is food enough for everyone to eat.
7.兼有兩種形式的副詞
1) close與closely
close意思是"近";closely 意思是"仔細(xì)地"。例如:
He is sitting close to me. 他就坐在我邊上。
Watch him closely. 盯著他。
2) late 與lately
late意思是"晚";lately 意思是"最近"。例如:
You have come too late. 你來得太晚了。
What have you been doing lately? 近來好嗎?
3) deep與deeply
deep意思是"深",表示空間深度;deeply時(shí)常表示感情上的深度,"深深地"。例如:
He pushed the stick deep into the mud.他把棍子深深插進(jìn)泥里。
Even father was deeply moved by the film.老爸也被電影深深打動(dòng)了。
4) high與highly
high表示空間高度;highly表示程度,相當(dāng)于much。例如:
The plane was flying high. 這架飛機(jī)飛得很高。
I think highly of your opinion. 你的看法很有道理。
5) wide與widely
wide表示空間寬度;widely意思是"廣泛地","在許多地方"。例如:
He opened the door wide. 他把門開得大大的。
English is widely used in the world.英語在世界范圍內(nèi)廣泛使用。
6) free與freely
free的意思是"免費(fèi)";freely 的意思是"無限制地"。例如:
You can eat free in my restaurant whenever you like.無論什么時(shí)候,我這飯鋪免費(fèi)對(duì)你開放。
You may speak freely; say what you like.你可以暢所欲言,想說什么就說什么。
8. 形容詞與副詞的比較級(jí)
大多數(shù)形容詞(性質(zhì)形容詞)和副詞有比較級(jí)和最高級(jí)的變化,即原級(jí)、比較級(jí)和最高級(jí),用來表示事物的等級(jí)差別。原級(jí)即形容詞的原形,比較級(jí)和最高級(jí)有規(guī)則變化和不規(guī)則變化兩種。
1) 規(guī)則變化
單音節(jié)詞和少數(shù)雙音節(jié)詞,加詞尾-er,-est來構(gòu)成比較級(jí)和最高級(jí)。
構(gòu)成法
原級(jí)
比較級(jí)
最高級(jí)
一般單音節(jié)詞未尾加-er,-est
tall
taller
tallest
以不發(fā)音的e結(jié)尾的單音詞和少數(shù)以- le結(jié)尾的雙音節(jié)詞只加-r,-st
nice
nicer
nicest
以一個(gè)輔音字母結(jié)尾的閉音節(jié)單音節(jié)詞,雙寫結(jié)尾的輔音字母,再加-er,-est
big
bigger
biggest
"以輔音字母+y"結(jié)尾的雙音節(jié)詞,改y為i,再加-er,-est
busy
busier
busiest
少數(shù)以-er,-ow結(jié)尾的雙音節(jié)詞未尾加-er,-est
clever/narrow
cleverer/ narrower
cleverest/ narrowest
其他雙音節(jié)詞和多音節(jié)詞,在前面加more,most來構(gòu)成比較級(jí)和最高級(jí)
important/ easily
more important/ more easily
most important/ most easily
2) 不規(guī)則變化
原級(jí)
比較級(jí)
最高級(jí)
good
better
best
well(健康的)
worse
worst
bad
ill(有病的)
old
older/elder
oldest/eldest
much/many
more
most
little
less
least
far
farther/further
farthest/furthest
9.as + 形容詞或副詞原級(jí) + as
1)在否定句或疑問句中可用so… as。例如:
He cannot run so/as fast as you. 他沒你跑得快。
2)當(dāng)as… as 中間有名詞時(shí)采用以下格式:as +形容詞+ a +單數(shù)名詞/ as + many/much+名詞。例如:
This is as good an example as the other is. 這個(gè)例子和另外一個(gè)一樣好。
I can carry as much paper as you can. 你能搬多少紙,我也能。
3)用表示倍數(shù)的詞或其他程度副詞做修飾語時(shí),放在as的前面。例如:
This room is twice as big as that one. 這房間的面積是那間的兩倍。
Your room is the same size as mine. 你的房間和我的一樣大。
4)倍數(shù)+ as + adj. + as <=> 倍數(shù)+ the … + of。例如:
This bridge is three times as long as that one. 這座橋的長(zhǎng)度是那座的三倍。
This bridge is three times the length of that one.
Your room is twice as large as mine. 你的房間是我的兩倍大。
Your room is twice the size of mine.
10. 比較級(jí)形容詞或副詞 + than 。例如:
You are taller than I. 你比我高。
They lights in your room are brighter than those in mine.你房間的那些燈比我房間里的亮。
注意:
1)要避免重復(fù)使用比較級(jí)。
(錯(cuò)) He is more cleverer than his brother.
(對(duì)) He is more clever than his brother.
(對(duì)) He is clever than his brother.
2)要避免將主語含在比較對(duì)象中。
(錯(cuò)) China is larger than any country in Asia.
(對(duì)) China is larger than any other countries in Asia.
3)要注意對(duì)應(yīng)句型,遵循前后一致的原則。
The population of Shanghai is larger than that of Beijing.
It is easier to make a plan than to carry it out.
4)要注意定冠詞在比較級(jí)中的使用。
比較:Which is larger, Canada or Australia?
Which is the larger country, Canada or Australia?
She is taller than her two sisters.
She is the taller of the two sisters.
11.可修飾比較級(jí)的詞
1)a bit, a little, rather, much, far, by far, many, a lot, lots, a great deal, any, still, even等。
2)還可以用表示倍數(shù)的詞或度量名詞作修飾語。
3)以上詞(除by far)外,必須置于比較級(jí)形容詞或副詞的前面。
12. many, old 和 far
1) 如果后接名詞時(shí),much more +不可數(shù)名詞,many more +可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)。
2) old 有兩種比較級(jí)和最高級(jí)形式: older/oldest 和elder/eldest。elder,eldest 只用于兄弟姐妹的長(zhǎng)幼關(guān)系。例如:
My elder brother is an engineer. 我哥哥是個(gè)工程師。
Mary is the eldest of the three sisters. 瑪麗是三姐妹中最大的。
3) far 有兩種比較級(jí),farther,further。一般father 表示距離,further表示進(jìn)一步。例如:
I have nothing further to say. 我沒什么要說了。
13. the + 最高級(jí) + 比較范圍
1)形容詞最高級(jí)前通常必須用定冠詞 the,副詞最高級(jí)前可不用。例如:
The Sahara is the biggest desert in the world. 撒哈拉沙漠是世界上最大的沙漠。
形容詞most前面沒有the,不表示最高級(jí)的含義,只表示"非常"。例如:
It is a most important problem. =It is a very important problem. 這是個(gè)很重要的問題。
注意:使用最高級(jí)要注意將主語包括在比較范圍內(nèi)。
(錯(cuò)) Tom is the tallest of his three brothers.
(對(duì)) Tom is the tallest of the three brothers.
2) 下列詞可修飾最高級(jí),by far, far, much, mostly, almost。例如:
This hat is nearly / almost the biggest. 這帽子差不多是最大的了。
注意:
a. very可修飾最高級(jí),但位置與much不同。
This is the very best.
This is much the best.
b. 序數(shù)詞通常只修飾最高級(jí)。例如:
Africa is the second largest continent.非洲是第二大洲。
3) 最高級(jí)的意義有時(shí)可以用比較級(jí)表示出來。例如:
Mike is the most intelligent in his class. 馬克是班上最聰明的。
Mike is more intelligent than any other students in his class.
4) "否定詞語+比較級(jí)","否定詞語+ so… as"結(jié)構(gòu)也可以表示最高級(jí)含義。例如:
Nothing is so easy as this. 沒比這更簡(jiǎn)單的了。
=Nothing is easier than this.
=This is the easiest thing.
14. 和more有關(guān)的詞組,
1) the more…the more… 越……就越……。例如:
The harder you work,the greater progress you'll make. 越努力,進(jìn)步越大。
2) more B than A=less A than B 與其說A不如說B。例如:
He is more lazy than slow at his work. = He is less slow than lazy at his work. 他工作時(shí),與其說是反應(yīng)慢不如說是懶。
3) no more… than… 與……一樣……,不比……多。例如:
The officials could see no more than the Emperor. 官員們看到的和皇帝一樣多。
no less… than… 與……一樣……。例如:
He is no less diligent than you. 他和你一樣勤勉。
4) more than 不只是,非常。例如:
She is more than kind to us all. 她對(duì)我們非常熱心。