besides, but, except 的區(qū)別比較與用法辨析
一、基本區(qū)別
介詞besides, but, except都可表示“除外”,其區(qū)別是:besides 表示一種累加關(guān)系,意指“除了什么之外,還有……”;而 except 或 but 則表示一種排除關(guān)系,意指“除了什么之外,不再有……”。如:
Besides his wife,his daughter also went to see him. 除他妻子外,他女兒也去看過(guò)他(即妻子女兒都去看過(guò)他)。
Nobody went to see him except [but] his wife. 除他妻子外,沒(méi)有一個(gè)人看過(guò)他(即只有他妻子去看過(guò)他)。
注:在否定句中,besides 也表示“除……之外不再有…… ”,與but, except 同義。如:
No one passed the exam besides [except] Jim. 除吉姆外,沒(méi)一個(gè)人通過(guò)考試。
二、but 與 except的區(qū)別:
1) 兩者都可表示“除……外不再有……”,但含義上略有差別:but側(cè)重指意義的幾乎完整性,而 except 則側(cè)重指后面除去的部分。比較:
All are here but one. 除一個(gè)人都到了。
All are here except one. 還有一個(gè)人沒(méi)到。
2) 在現(xiàn)代英語(yǔ)中, but 的介詞用法十分有限,一般說(shuō)來(lái),它只能用在下列詞語(yǔ)之后:
① no, no one, nobody, nothing, nowhere 等
② any, anyone, anybody, anything, anywhere 等
③ every, everyone, everybody, everything, everywhere 等
④ all, none 等
⑤ who, what, where 等
Everyone knows it but you. 除你之外大家都知道。
I haven't told anybody but you. 除你之外,我沒(méi)告訴任何人。
No one but he [him] showed much interest in it. 除他之外沒(méi)有一個(gè)人對(duì)此有很大興趣。
一般說(shuō)來(lái),若沒(méi)有出現(xiàn)上述詞匯,就不宜使用介詞 but, 否則可能造成錯(cuò)句。但是 except 卻沒(méi)有以上限制。比較:
正:The window is never opened except in summer. 除夏天外,這扇窗戶從不打開(kāi)。
誤:The window is never opened but in summer.
3) but 一定不能用于句首,except 通常不用于句首:
除我之外每個(gè)人都累了。
正:Everyone is tired but (except) me.
正:Everyone but (except) me is tired.
誤:But (Except) me, everyone is tired.
注:except for 可用于句首,表示 except 的意思:
正:Except for me, everyone is tired.
三、關(guān)于 except 與 except for的區(qū)別
except 主要用來(lái)談?wù)撏惖臇|西,而 except for 則主要用來(lái)談?wù)摬煌惖臇|西,有時(shí)含有惋惜之意。如:
All compositions are well written except yours. 除了你的作文外,其他的作文都寫得很好。
His composition is good except for a few spelling mistakes. 他的作文寫得不錯(cuò),只是有幾處拼寫錯(cuò)誤。
注:若用于句首,則 except for 與 except 同義(但 except 通常不用于句首)。
四、except for 與 but for的區(qū)別
except for 主要表示排除,but for 主要表示一種虛擬條件(與虛擬語(yǔ)氣連用)。如:
Except for me, everyone passed the exam. 除了我之外,大家都通過(guò)了考試。
But for my help, she would not have passed the exam. 若不是我的幫助,她就不會(huì)通過(guò)考試。
But for the atmosphere plants would die. 如果沒(méi)有大氣,植物就會(huì)死亡。