英語(yǔ)定語(yǔ)從句關(guān)系代詞的用法與區(qū)別
英語(yǔ)定語(yǔ)從句關(guān)系詞的用法與區(qū)別定語(yǔ)從句即指在主從復(fù)合句用作定語(yǔ)的從句。定語(yǔ)從句通常修飾名詞或代詞,對(duì)它進(jìn)行限制、描繪和說(shuō)明。受定語(yǔ)從句修飾的詞語(yǔ)叫先行詞,引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句的詞語(yǔ)叫關(guān)系詞。關(guān)系詞按其性質(zhì)又分關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞。關(guān)系詞不僅引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句,同時(shí)還在定語(yǔ)從句充當(dāng)一定的句子成分。
一、關(guān)系詞的用法特點(diǎn)關(guān)系詞分關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞。關(guān)系代詞主要有 that, who, whom, whose, which, as 等,其中who等,其中whowhom 只用于指人,which和as 只用于指事物,whose和 that既可于指人也可用于指物,它們?cè)诙ㄕZ(yǔ)從句可用作主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)或定語(yǔ);關(guān)系副詞主要有when, where 和why,其中when表示時(shí)間,whenwhere表地點(diǎn),why表原因,它們?cè)诙ㄕZ(yǔ)從句中均用作狀語(yǔ):The dog which [that] was lost has been found. 丟失的狗找到了。(which / that指物,在從句中用作主語(yǔ))I have forgotten everything that I learnt at school. 我把學(xué)校學(xué)的所有東西都給忘了。(that指物,在從句中句作賓語(yǔ)(that)The man who lives in that house is my uncle. 住在那座房子里的人是我叔叔。(who指人,在從句中作主語(yǔ))It was an island whose name I have forgotten. 這是一座島,名字我忘了。There are some students whose questions I can’t answer. 有些學(xué)生提出的問(wèn)題我回答不了。(whose指人,在從句中作定語(yǔ))
二、關(guān)系詞的選擇選擇關(guān)系詞可考慮以下四點(diǎn):(1) 一看先行詞的意義,即分清先行詞是指人、指物、時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)還是原因(如指物時(shí)不能用who或whowhom,指人時(shí)通常不用which等)。(2) 二看關(guān)系詞的句法功能,即分清關(guān)系詞是擔(dān)任什么句子成分,是作主語(yǔ)還是賓語(yǔ)、是作定語(yǔ)還是狀語(yǔ)等(如作定語(yǔ)通常用whose,有時(shí)也用which;作狀語(yǔ)要用when, where, why);作狀語(yǔ)要。(3) 三看定語(yǔ)從句的種類,即分清是限制性定語(yǔ)從句還是非限制性定語(yǔ)從句(如that和why通常不引導(dǎo)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句)。(4) 四看文體,即分清是正式文體還是非正式文體,是書(shū)面語(yǔ)體還是口語(yǔ)體。(4)
三、兩組關(guān)系詞的用法區(qū)別1. that 與 which的用法區(qū)別兩者都可指物,有時(shí)可互換。其區(qū)別主要在于:(1) 引導(dǎo)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句時(shí),通常只用which:He drove too fast, which was dangerous. 他開(kāi)車很快,這是很危險(xiǎn)的。(2) 直接放在介詞后作賓語(yǔ)時(shí),通常只用which: whichThe tool with which he is working is called a hammer. 他干活用的那個(gè)工具叫做錘子。(3) 當(dāng)先行詞是much, little, none, all, few, every(thing), any(thing), no(thing) 等不定代詞或受其修飾時(shí),通常用that:All [Everything] that can be done must be done. 凡能做的事都必須做。(4) 當(dāng)先行詞受the very, the only, the same 等修飾時(shí),通常用that:This is the only example that I know. 我知道的例子只有這一個(gè)。Those are the very words that he used. 那是他的原話。(5) 當(dāng)先行詞有形容詞最高級(jí)或序數(shù)詞(包括last, next等)等修飾時(shí),通常用that:This is the best dictionary that I’ve ever used. 這是我用過(guò)的最好的詞典。The first thing that you should do is to work out a plan. 你應(yīng)該做的第一件事是訂個(gè)計(jì)劃。(6) 當(dāng)關(guān)系代詞在定語(yǔ)從句中用作表語(yǔ)時(shí),通常用that:China is not the country (that) it was. 中國(guó)已不是過(guò)去的樣子了。(7) 當(dāng)先行詞是一個(gè)既指人又指物的并列詞組時(shí),通常用(7) that:They talked about the persons and things that most impressed them. 他們談?wù)摿耸顾麄冇∠笞钌畹娜撕褪隆?8) 當(dāng)要避免重復(fù)時(shí):Which is the course that we are to take? 我們選哪門課程?2. that與who的用法區(qū)別(1) 兩者均可指人,有時(shí)可互換:All that [who] heard him were delighted. 所有聽(tīng)了他講話的人都很高興。Have you met anybody that [who] has been to Paris? 你遇見(jiàn)過(guò)到過(guò)巴黎的人嗎?He is the only one among us that [who] knows Russian. 他是我們中間惟一懂俄語(yǔ)的人。(2) 但是在下列情況,通常要用 that:①當(dāng)先行詞是一個(gè)既指人又指物的并列詞組時(shí):I made a speech on the men and things that I had seen abroad. 我就我在國(guó)外所見(jiàn)到的人和事作了報(bào)告。②當(dāng)先行詞是who時(shí)(為避免重復(fù)):Who that has sympathy can laugh on that occasion? 有同情心的人誰(shuí)會(huì)在那個(gè)時(shí)候發(fā)笑呢?③當(dāng)關(guān)系代詞在定語(yǔ)從句中作表語(yǔ)時(shí)(可省略):Tom is not the boy (that) he was. 湯姆這孩子已不是以前那個(gè)樣子了。