前綴trans- (tra-,tran-,treas-) = across;beyond;over

在單詞translate （翻譯）中有個(gè)常用的前綴trans-，它原本是拉丁介詞，基本含義為 across,over,beyon,即表示“穿、越、超”之意。當(dāng)它出現(xiàn)在拉丁借詞中時(shí)，有tran-和tra- 兩個(gè)異體。tran- 用在以s開(kāi)頭的詞根前，tran-出現(xiàn)在少數(shù)以d,j,m,v開(kāi)頭的詞根前。15世紀(jì)以后，trans- 也作用派生前綴與單詞結(jié)合，這時(shí)它沒(méi)有形態(tài)變化。

前綴trans-詞源：
prefix meaning "across, beyond, to go beyond," from Latin trans-, from prep. trans "across, over, beyond," probably originally present participle of a verb *trare-, meaning "to cross" (see through).

以下介紹trans- 的異體tran- 與tra- 與詞根結(jié)合的例子。

1.travesty [tra<trans( =over, across) + 詞根vest( =dress)穿衣服超過(guò)某種程度]
n. any treatment that makes a serious work seem ridiculous; imitation or description of something that is unlike and inferior to the real thing; distortion 滑稽模仿（嚴(yán)肅的作品）．拙劣的模仿：曲解
vt. make or be a travesty of 拙劣地模仿，滑稽地模仿；歪曲
舉例： The trial was a complete travesty-totally unfair. 那場(chǎng)審判簡(jiǎn)直就是一場(chǎng)滑稽劇——完全不公正。

2.traduce [tra<trans( =over, across) +duc( =lead) 超過(guò)某種程度、分開(kāi)拉動(dòng)]
vt. say untrue or malicious things about; slander 中傷；誹謗
traducer n. 誹謗者
舉例： Stars are used to seeing their names traduced in the tabloids. 明星們已經(jīng)習(xí)慣于看到小報(bào)中傷自己的名譽(yù)。

3.transcribe [tran- (trans-) = voer 過(guò)；scrib = to writer 寫(xiě)；-e ⇒"to write over 抄寫(xiě)過(guò)來(lái)" →]
v. copy in writing or in typewriting 抄寫(xiě)，謄寫(xiě)；用打字機(jī)打出復(fù)本
舉例： The typist quickly transcribed the letter from the shorthand notes. 打字員詞速按速記稿打出那封信。
transcript n.抄本；謄本；副本；肄業(yè)證書(shū)
transcription n. 抄寫(xiě)，謄寫(xiě)；按速記稿打出文字

4.transpire [tran- (trans-) = through 透；spir = to breathe 呼吸；-e⇒ "to breathe through 秀氣" →]
v. 1)send off the waste matter through the skin,leaf,ect. 排出，蒸發(fā)
舉例： Man transpires even in cold winter. 人類(lèi)甚至在寒冷的冬天也在排汗。
2) leak out;make known 泄露，被人知道
舉例： It later transpired that the king hadbeen ill by then. 后來(lái)才透露出，國(guó)王當(dāng)時(shí)就已經(jīng)生病了。
transpiration n. 蒸發(fā)，排出；植物蒸騰作用

5.tradition [ tra- (trans-) = voer 過(guò)；dit = to give 給;-ion = -ing ⇒"giving over 傳過(guò)來(lái)" →]
n. passing down of custom , belief,ect. 傳統(tǒng)
舉例： We should keep up the fine trandition of hardwork. 我們要保持艱苦奮斗的傳統(tǒng)。

6.traverse [ tra- (trans- ) = across 越；vers = to turn 轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng);-e⇒ "to turn across 翻越過(guò)去"→]
v. move across 橫越
舉例： This railway traverses the whole country. 這條鐵路橫貫全國(guó)。

以下是介紹以原生詞綴trans- 開(kāi)頭的幾個(gè)常詞。

1.transient [trans- ( =over) + 詞根i < it ( =go)越過(guò)去]
adj. lasting for a short time only; ephemeral 一時(shí)的，暫時(shí)的，短暫的
n. guest who is not a permanent residant 臨時(shí)旅客，過(guò)往旅客
舉例： So-called falling stars are transient phenomena, lasting just a few seconds. 所謂的流星只是瞬時(shí)現(xiàn)象，僅僅持續(xù)幾秒鐘。

2.transmute [trans( =intensive) + 詞根 mut( =change)完全改變）]
vt. change the shape．nature or substance of 改變模樣、性質(zhì)、內(nèi)容
transmutation n. 變化，變形，變換
transmutable adj. 可以變化的
舉例： In the movie,a man is transmuted into a giant fly. 茌那部電影中，一個(gè)男人變成了一只巨大的蒼蠅。

3.intransigent [(in( =not) +trans( =across) +ig( =drive)無(wú)法變換帶動(dòng)的]
adj. uncompromising,especially in politics （特別指政治上）不妥協(xié)的
n. a person who is intransigent 不妥協(xié)的人
intransigence n. 不妥協(xié)的態(tài)度
舉例： My parents are intransigent about not letting me drive until l'm 18. 找父母對(duì)我18歲之前不能駕車(chē)這件事態(tài)度非常堅(jiān)決。

4.transact [trans- = across 穿過(guò)；act = to drive 驅(qū)使 ⇒ " to drive or carry across 使通過(guò)" →]
v.acrry on ;manage 執(zhí)行；辦理
舉例： It took him ten minutes to transact his business at bank. 處理銀行事務(wù)花了他10分鐘時(shí)間。
transaction n. 辦理；執(zhí)行；交易；事務(wù)

5.transfer [trans- = across 穿過(guò)；fer = to bear 運(yùn)載 ⇒" to bear across 運(yùn)到對(duì)面去" → ]
v. remove from one person or place to another;hand over 轉(zhuǎn)移；傳遞
舉例： This firm has been transferred to my son. 這公司已經(jīng)移交給我兒子。
transference n. 轉(zhuǎn)移；調(diào)動(dòng)；轉(zhuǎn)讓
transferor n. 轉(zhuǎn)讓人
transferee n.受讓人
transferable adj. 可轉(zhuǎn)移的；可轉(zhuǎn)讓的

6.translate [trans- = across 到另一方；lat = to carry 帶；-e ⇒"to carry an idea another language 將某種意思帶到另一種語(yǔ)方去" →]
v. change into another language 翻譯
舉例： He is translating a book from French into English. 他正把一本法文書(shū)翻譯成英文。
translation n. 翻譯；譯文，譯本

7.transmit [trans- = over 超過(guò)；mit = to send 送→]
v. send over;pass on 傳遞；傳達(dá)
舉例： I will transmit the money by special messenger. 我將派專(zhuān)人把這筆款項(xiàng)送去。
transmitter n.傳送者，傳達(dá)者；發(fā)報(bào)機(jī)
transmission n. 傳送，傳達(dá)；發(fā)射，播送

8.transparent [trans- = across or through 穿透；par = to appear 現(xiàn)；-ent adj. = -ing ⇒"appearing throgh 穿透而現(xiàn)的"→]
adj. easy to see through 透明的
舉例： Window glass is transparent .窗玻璃的透明的。 transparency n. 透明；透明度；透明物

最后，介紹派生詞綴trans- 與單詞結(jié)合的幾個(gè)有代表性的詞例。

1.transatlantic [trans- = across 橫貫；Atlantic n. 大西洋→ ]
adj. crossing the Atlantic 橫越大西洋的
舉例： The dispatch was sent by transatlantic cable. 這條電訊是由橫貫大西洋海底電纜拍發(fā)出去的。

2.transnational [trans- = beyond 超越；national adj. 國(guó)家的 →]
adj. 超越國(guó)界的，跨國(guó)的
舉例： This company has been taken over by a transnational company. 該公司已經(jīng)被某跨國(guó)公司所接管。

3.transship [ trans- = across 跨越；ship v. 用船裝運(yùn) ⇒"to carry a cargo from one ship to another 將貨物從一船裝到另一船" →]
v.transfer from one ship ,train,ect. to another 轉(zhuǎn)船，轉(zhuǎn)載
舉例： The goods should be transshipped at Hongkong. 這批貨要在香港轉(zhuǎn)船。
transshipment n. 轉(zhuǎn)船運(yùn)輸；轉(zhuǎn)載

詞根：

i<it(go):

ambience ['æmbi?ns] n. （場(chǎng)所的）環(huán)境，氛圍 *amb<ambi( =around)

transit [?æmbi?ns] v./n. 運(yùn)送；通過(guò) *trans( =over)

itinerant [a??t?n?r?nt] adj. 巡回的；周游的

mut(change):

mutable adj. 易變的；反復(fù)尤常的 mutaion n. 變化

commutation n. 交換，對(duì)換；減刑 *com( =together)

vest(dress):

ves n. 馬甲；給穿上法農(nóng)，祭服等；給予權(quán)力

vestment n. 衣服；禮服；官服

invest v. 投資；包圍 *in( =in)

ig(drive):

circumnavigator n. 周游世界者 *circum( =around),ig( =drive)

navigator n. 航海者 *nav( =ship)

prodigally adv. 豐富地 *prod<pro( =forward)

duc(=lead):

coeducation n. 男女同校 *co<com(=together),e<ex（out）

inducement n. 誘導(dǎo)；說(shuō)服 * in( =in)

oviduct n. 輸卵管 *ovi (=egg)