前綴in-(il-,im-,ir-,i-,en-) = 不,無,非;向內(nèi),入
前綴in-在英語中派生出大量的英語單詞,在所有英語詞綴里面,由這個前綴派生出來的單詞數(shù)量驚人的大,比如金正基《英語詞綴與派生詞》一書就列出由前綴in-派生出的單詞就有145個,再加上冷僻的單詞那就更多了。在所有由前綴in-派生出來的單詞中,in-意思可分為兩大類:1)表示否定意義的派生前綴in-,表示not,no,lack of 意思是“不、無、非”;2)表示方向的原生前綴in-,表示in,into;on,upon;toward 意思是“向內(nèi)、入”等。
下面我們對in-兩大意思來源,及其變體進(jìn)行詳細(xì)講解:
前綴in-表示否定意義時:in-的前身是表示否定意義的拉丁前綴in-,其基本含義是not。能與in-結(jié)合的拉丁詞干的英語中幾乎都是借詞,所以,我們可以把in- 看成一個特殊的派生前綴,它只與拉丁借詞相結(jié)合。具體地說,in-可以跟形容詞(及其派生詞)、名詞綴合,其意義分別為not(不)和lack of(無)。這時,in-并不改變詞基單詞的詞性。不過,in-又保留著某些原生詞綴的特點,它受詞干首字母的同化,生出il-,im-,ir-三種異體(在劉毅詞根詞典里面這種變im-,ir-,en-,i-體包括),其中,in- 用在除l,b,m,p,r之外的其他字母之前;il-用在l之前,ir-用在r之前;im-用在唇音b,p,m之前。
前綴in-表示方向的前綴時:in-來源于拉丁介副詞in,其基本含義是in/into,on/upon或towrads。它一般加綴在拉丁動詞詞根前,構(gòu)成原生動詞或動詞詞干,在構(gòu)詞中起修飾或加強作用。與表示否定前綴的in-一樣,表示方向的前綴in-也有il-,im-和ir-三種變體,而且構(gòu)詞規(guī)則與還定前綴in-也完全相同。
概括:
一. in-
(1) 表示:不、無、非。
(2)向內(nèi)、入。
(3)加強意義,或表示“使...”、“作...”。
二. im- (用在b,m,p之前)
(1) 表示:不、無、非。
(2)向內(nèi)、入。
(3)加強意義,或表示“使...”、“飾以...”、“加以...”。
三. il- (用在l之前)
(1) 表示:不、無、非。
(2) 加強或引申意
四. ir- (用在r之前)
(1) 表示:不、無、非。
(2) 向內(nèi),入
例詞:
1.illicit [il<in( =not) +
adj. unlawful, forbidden 非法的,法律禁止的 illicitly 非法地
舉例: The minister had conducted an illicit affair with a parishioner for years.
那位牧師多年以來一直和一名教區(qū)居民保持著非法關(guān)系。
2.illusion [il<in( =in) +
n. the seeing of something that does not really exist; false idea or belief 幻影,幻想;錯覺,妄想
illusionist 魔術(shù)家,幻想家 illusive/illusory 幻覺的,錯覺的,迷惑人的
舉例: Many old maids hold the ilusion of perfect marriage well into their fifties.
許多老處女在五十歲以后仍煞幻想著擁有完美的婚姻。
3.immense [im<in( =not) +mens<meter( =measure)無法測量的]
adj. vast,huge; very good,excellent 極廣大的,無限的,巨大的;極妙的,優(yōu)秀的
immensity 無限,廣大,龐大的東西 immensely 無限地,非常
舉例: There is an immense gulf of enmity between my brother and me.
我哥哥和我之間存在一道鴻溝,我們矛盾很深。
4.immerse [im<in( =into)+mers<merg (=dip, plunge) 浸入…之中弄濕]
vt. sb/sth+in+sth put under the surface of water or other liquid; absorb deeply,engross; baptize by dipping under water 浸入,使沉浸;使埋首于;施浸禮
immersion 浸入;專心;浸禮 immerge( =immerse)
舉例: He immersed himself in his studies to the detraction of his social life.
他因埋頭于學(xué)業(yè)而忽視了社交生活。
5.immobile [im<in (=not)+mob (=move)不能移動的]
adj. not able to move or be moved; motionless 不能移動的,不動的,固定的
immobilize 使(某物)不能移動 immobility 固定,靜止
舉例:A plaster cast holds a broken bone immoblie, allowing it to heal.
石膏繃帶固定住骨折的骨頭,以利于其恢復(fù)。
6.impact [im<in( =intensive) +pact( =fasten, agree)使勁系緊,捆緊]
n. strong impression or effect; collision, force exerted by one object when striking against another 強烈的印象、影響;沖突,沖擊
vt. pack firmly together; collide with 填滿;沖突
舉例: The appeal had such an impact on me that I contributed $100 dollars.
那呼吁給我以巨大的影響,我捐獻(xiàn)了100美元。
7.impassable [im<in( =not)+
adj. impossible to travel through or on 不能通行的,不能通過的,無法穿越的
impassability 不能通行
舉例: Many of the highest mountain passes are impassable in winter.
高山上的路有很多在冬天無法通行。
8.implement [im<in( =in)+ple(=fill)把…里面填滿]
n. tool or instrument for working with 工具,手段
vt. carry an undertaking, agreement, promise into effact 履行協(xié)定、約定等
implementation n. 履行,實行
舉例: The plan will be implemented in stages, starting next week.
此計劃下周開始分階段實施。
9.incalculable [in( =not)+calcul( =reckon)數(shù)不清的]
adj. too great to be calculated; unpredictable 無法計算的,無法預(yù)測的,(數(shù)目)巨大的
舉例: Prime numbers of more than 100 digits are incalculable by today's supercomputers. .
就是今天的超級計算機(jī),也無法計算出超過100位的小數(shù)。
10. incomprehensible [in( =not)+com( =thoroughly) +prehens( =take)根本無法抓住的]
adj. that cannot be understood 不能理解的 incomprehension 不了解
舉例: l've studied French for months, but I still find most conversations incomprehensible.
我已經(jīng)學(xué)了好幾個月法語,但發(fā)現(xiàn)對多數(shù)對話仍無法理解。
11. indisputable [in (=not)+dis( =apart) +put (=think)不必分開考慮的]
adj. that cannot be disputed; unquestionable 無爭論之余地的,明白的
舉例: lt's an indisputable tact that I earn more in sales commissions than she does.
我的銷售傭金比她多,這是無可爭辯的事實。
12.induce [in( =in, into)+duc( =lead)拉向里面]
vt. sb+to do bring about; persuade; draw a general conclusion or principle from particular facts 引起,致使;勸誘;歸納
inducement 勸誘,刺激物 induction 歸納法;感應(yīng);就任;募兵 inductive 誘導(dǎo)的;歸納的 induct 正式就任;人會;募兵
舉例: Doctors often Induce labor in pregnant women with powerful drugs.
區(qū)生常用強效藥物為孕婦催產(chǎn)。
13.inept [in (=not)+ept<apt( =fit)不適當(dāng)?shù)腯
adj. not suitable to the purpose; wrong in a foolish and awkward way; incompetent 不適當(dāng)?shù)?;無能的;愚笨的,笨拙的;不熟練的
ineptitude不熟練;不適宜;不當(dāng)?shù)难孕? ineptly 不適當(dāng)?shù)?br>
舉例:I apologize for my inept remark;I never meant to offend you.
我為自己不恰當(dāng)?shù)脑挼狼?,我絕不是有意冒犯您。
14. ingenuity [in (=in)+gen (=birth)誕生的狀態(tài)]
n. cleverness and skill; originality in design 機(jī)靈,精明;才能;獨創(chuàng)性,創(chuàng)造力
ingenious 機(jī)靈的,有發(fā)明才能的,巧妙的 ingenuous 純真的
舉例: His ingenuity kept the company running even during the cash shortfall.
他的才智使公司在資金不足的狀況下仍能正常運轉(zhuǎn)。
15.ingrained [in (=in)+grain<gran( =seed)杷種子播在…里面]
adj. deeply fixed; thorough; going deep(習(xí)慣等)根深蒂固的;(謊言)徹頭徹尾的;(理論、思想等)深入骨髓的
ingrain 生染,使(習(xí)慣等)根深蒂固:生染的,根深蒂固的; 生染的纖維
舉例: Adult's racial prejudice has typically been ingrained since childhood.
成人的種族偏見一般從兒時起就已根深蒂固。
16.ingratitude [in( =not)+grat(=thank, pleasing, favor)不感謝的]
n. lack of gratitude 不知感恩,忘思負(fù)義 ingrate 忘恩負(fù)義者
舉例: Because of her past ingratitude,I won't be giving her any more gifts.
因為她以前不知感恩圖報,所以我決不再送她禮物。
17. inhabitant [in( =in)+hab( =live, have)在…里面居住的人]
n. a person or animal that inhabits some specified region, dwelling, etc. 居民,居住者:棲息動物
inhabit 居住于,居住,棲息 inhabitable 適于居住的 inhabited 有人居住的
舉例: There are only 7 inhabitants in this small apartment building.
這幢小公寓樓里只有七個人住。
18.initiative [in (=in, into)+it (=go)去里邊]
n. first or introductory step or move; capacity to see what needs to be done and enterprise enough to do it:the right of citizens to introduce new laws 先導(dǎo),主導(dǎo)權(quán),率先,開始;創(chuàng)意;進(jìn)取心,事業(yè)心;公
民立法提案權(quán)
initiate 開始,入門;新加入的(人),被傳授的(人)initiation 開始,著手,入會
initial開始的,最初的;(字的)首字母,名字的首字母;以首字母簽名
舉例: Employees with initiative are likely to be promoted after their first year.
有進(jìn)取心的職員可能會在第一年之后得到提升。
19.innovation [in( =in) +nov (=new)翻新里面]
n. the act or process of innovating; something new that is introduced 革新,創(chuàng)新;新制度,新事物;發(fā)明
innovate 改革,創(chuàng)新 innovator 改革者,創(chuàng)新者 innovative 創(chuàng)新的
舉例: Her innovation contributed to several new and useful teaching methods.
地的革新方案有助于開發(fā)一些新的、有效的教學(xué)方法。
20.instantaneous [in (=on)+st (=stand)站于…上]
adj. happening in an instant 瞬間的,即刻的
instant 瞬間,剎那;即刻的 instantaneously 瞬間地,剎那間
舉例: Wire transfers are instantaneous. The money arrives in milliseconds.
電匯瞬間就可完成,錢即刻可到賬。
21.intangible [in( =not)+tang( =touch)無法接觸或撫摸的]
adj. that cannot be touched; insubstantial; not easily grasped by the mind 不能撫摸的;無形的;難以掌握的 intangibility 不可觸知性
舉例: Some of the most important gifts we receive from parents are intangible.
我們從父母那兒得來的一些最重要的禮物是無形的財富。
22.intensive [in( =in)+tens (=stretch)在…里拉高]
adj. characterized by intensity; concentrated,thorough; giving force and emphasis 強烈的;集中的,徹底的;加強語氣的,強調(diào)的
intensify 加強 intensification 激化,強化 intensity 強烈;緊張 intension 強度 intense 強烈的,激烈的;熱情的
舉例:I took a 2-day intensive course on how to use my new computer.
力學(xué)會使用我的新計算機(jī),我參加了一個為期兩天的強化培訓(xùn)課程。
23.intimidate [in (=in)+tim(=fear)使陷入恐懼的狀態(tài)]
vt. make someone afraid; force someone to do something by means of threats 使害怕;脅迫,威脅
intimidation 威脅,脅迫
舉例:Some adults compel obedience from young children by intimidating them.
一些大人通過威脅孩子來迫使他們服從。
24. invoke [in ( =on) +vok/voc (=call)依靠…呼喊]
vt. call upon God,the power of the law,etc. for help or protection; request earnestly;summon up by magic 祈求上帝的保佑;求助于法律的力量;誠懇地請求;用魔法召喚
invocation 祈禱;呼訴,請求;咒語
舉例: People who say blessings at mealtime invoke the name of God with thanks.
就餐時祈禱的人心懷感激地呼喚著上帝的名字。
25.imminent [im<in (=on)+min (=hang,project)懸掛在某物上]
adj. impending; likely to happen without delay 緊急的:急迫的,迫切的
imminence 急迫,迫近 imminently 迫切地,迫近地
舉例:I'll wait and buy it later because their clearance sale is imminent.
因為他們馬上就要清倉甩賣了,我決定過些時候再買那樣?xùn)|西。
26.impartial [im<in (=not)+part (=part)不分割某物的]
adj. not favoring one more than another 公平的,不偏不倚的
impartiality 公正,不倔不倚 impartially 公平地
舉例:Ideally a judge will be imparial in his administration of justice.
理想地說,法官應(yīng)該公正執(zhí)法。
27.implore [im<in( =intensive)+plor(=weep)眼淚汩汩而流]
vt. ask or beg earnestiy for 懇求,哀求,尋求神或法律的寬恕
imploration 乞求,懇求 imploring 哀求的 imploringly 哀求地
舉例: The woman implored the doctors to locate a liver donor for her dying son.
那個女人哀求醫(yī)生為她垂死的兒子尋找肝臟捐贈者。
28.impostor [im<in (=on)+post (=put)放在上面]
n. a person who deceives or cheats by pretending to be someone or something that he is not 胃名頂替者,騙子
舉例: l've read of several cases where respected physicians turned out to be impostors.
我曾閱讀過幾宗關(guān)于受尊敬的內(nèi)科醫(yī)生最終被查明是騙子的案例。
29.incentive [in( =in, on)+cent( =sing)在…里面唱歌]
n. that which incites, rouses, or encourages a person 動機(jī),誘因,刺激
舉例: Salespeople usually receive commissions as an incentive to sell more.
營業(yè)員通常可以從銷售中提成,這成為其銷售更多貨物的動機(jī)。
30.indifference [in( =not)+dif<dis(=away)+fer(=carry)搬運時注意不使脫離]
n. ~ to the state of being indifferent; absence of interest or feeling; lack of importance, meaning, or worth 不關(guān)心,冷淡;不重要
indifferent 不關(guān)心的,無關(guān)緊要的,平凡的
舉例: lt's hard to be in love with you when you show me only indifference.
你對我一點兒也不關(guān)心,我很難愛上你。
31.irreverent [ir<in(=not) + re(=again) + ver(=feel awe) 不再有敬畏感的]
adj. feeling or showing no respect for sacred things 不尊敬的,不恭敬的
inrreverence 不敬的行為(言辭)
舉例:Many teenagers today are irreverent towards authority figures.
現(xiàn)在,許多十幾歲的青少年對權(quán)威人物并不尊敬。
32.irrelevant [ir<in(=not) + re(=again) + lev (=lift,light) 不能再舉起的]
adj. not relevant;not connected 不相關(guān)的;不切題的;不恰當(dāng)?shù)?br>
irrelevance/irrelevancy 不恰當(dāng)?shù)模粺o關(guān)系;不切題
舉例:教授說我論文的第三段與論文整體無關(guān)聯(lián)性。
33.ignoble [i<in(=not) +
adj. of low character;mean;of low birth 低劣的,卑劣的;不光彩的;(出身或身份)低微的
舉例:The Taliban in Afghanistan met an ignoble end at the hands of the USA.
阿富汗的塔利班政權(quán)在美國手里落了個不光彩的下場。